[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-426454-105":59,"doc-detail-426454-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","measuring-receptive-vocabulary-at-early-ages-introducing-pic-lex","Measuring receptive vocabulary at early ages - Introducing Pic-lex","","The article examines receptive vocabulary measurement in early language learning and presents an updated version of Pic-lex for very young learners up to primary age. It describes a dyslexia-friendly, online, game-like testing tool that estimates receptive vocabulary knowledge from picture cues. Vocabulary items are based on updated frequency wordlists and scores can be matched to CEFR levels, supporting systematic assessment in both monolingual and multilingual settings.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/measuring-receptive-vocabulary-at-early-ages-introducing-pic-lex/426454/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/measuring-receptive-vocabulary-at-early-ages-introducing-pic-lex/426454.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Melati","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-14","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does Pic-lex measure and how does it work?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Pic-lex measures receptive vocabulary size using picture cues. It is administered as an easy, dyslexia-friendly online game-like test.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How are the vocabulary items selected in Pic-lex?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Vocabulary word items are based on updated frequency wordlists rather than random selection.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How can Pic-lex results be interpreted for learning levels?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The test scores provide an estimate of receptive vocabulary knowledge that can be matched to CEFR levels.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},426454,1790830997,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962085570644,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Research Papers in Language Teaching and Learning Vol. 11, No. 1, February 2021, 66-75  \nISSN: 1792-1244  \nAvailable online at [http://rpltl.eap.gr](http://rpltl.eap.gr)  \nThis article is issued under the Creative Commons License Deed. Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3 .0)  \nMeasuring receptive vocabulary at early ages: Introducing Pic-lex  \nThomaï ALEXIOU  \nA series of recent research studies highlight the significance of vocabulary and suggest that vocabulary development is paramount in the successful development of a foreign/second language even by very young learners (Biemiller, 2003; Alexiou, Roghani & Milton, 2019) . The number of words a learner knows is considered a decisive factor on the performance in all aspects of language (Webb & Nation, 2017) . For this reason, modern curricula now seek to be more precise over the volumes of vocabulary that learners are expected to acquire at all levels. Therefore, measuring vocabulary size systematically is vital both in monolingual and multilingual settings while it can lead us to a much needed model of vocabulary acquisition at an early age. The particular paper presentsan updated version of Pic-lex (Alexiou, 2020), an easy to administer, dyslexia-friendly, theoretically well-founded online testing tool, which is intended for very young learners up to primary age. This game-like test makes assessment of receptive vocabulary size from picture cues. The vocabulary word items are not randomly selected; words are based on updated frequency wordlists while the scores provide an estimate of receptive vocabulary knowledge that can be matched to CEFR levels.  \nKey words: vocabulary, assessment, young learners, preschoolers, frequency, vocabulary size, CEFR, Pre-A1  \n1. Introduction  \nThe importance of vocabulary development and its influential ramifications in early language learning context, has provided the impetus for this paper which describes the development of an easy to administer, theoretically sound testing tool to quantify the vocabulary knowledge of very young learners.  \nWebb and Nation (2017, p. 19) argue that ‘developing lexical knowledge – that is, the number of different words that we know and how well we know these words – provides the necessary foundation for learning other aspects of language.’ An abundance of research evidence confirms that early vocabulary knowledge predicts later reading achievement (Sénéchal, Ouellette & Rodney, 2006) and is also related to future academic success (Biemiller & Slonim, 2001; Milton & TreffersDaller, 2013) . Teachers are now eagerly trying to develop lexis and vocabulary at an early age and they  \nAlexiou / Research Papers in Language Teaching and Learning 11/1 (2021) 66-75  \nare more concerned and selective regarding the kind and volume of vocabulary they introduce. This, in turn, makes evaluating and measuring vocabulary at the early stages both a vital and a challenging process.  \n2. Measuring vocabulary size  \nMore than a hundred years of research in vocabulary size among native speakers of English has produced estimates that vary enormously. There is common belief that the vocabularies of English native speakers are particularly large and estimates of 200,000 words and more (e.g. Hartmann, 1946) are cited in support of this. A difficulty emerging from this is that it is not clear how so many words can be learned. More recent studies suggest word knowledge is smaller, perhaps fewer than 10,000 in some speakers. Milton (2009) suggests that UK undergraduates may have a defining vocabulary of about 9,000 words. This variation results from differences in the unit of count, a decision of exactly what to count as a single word, and the method of designing a test to understand how many words speakers know.  \nEarly estimates of vocabulary size were based on spaced sampling from dictionaries and there were obvious problems with this. If the dictionary used was small, then the research produced a small estimate. If a larger dictionary w","cbCaitk39dpQ4rUH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitk39dpQ4rUH","pdf",2088949,"English","# Introduction\n# Measuring vocabulary size","[{\"question\":\"What does Pic-lex measure and how does it work?\",\"answer\":\"Pic-lex measures receptive vocabulary size using picture cues. It is administered as an easy, dyslexia-friendly online game-like test.\"},{\"question\":\"How are the vocabulary items selected in Pic-lex?\",\"answer\":\"Vocabulary word items are based on updated frequency wordlists rather than random selection.\"},{\"question\":\"How can Pic-lex results be interpreted for learning levels?\",\"answer\":\"The test scores provide an estimate of receptive vocabulary knowledge that can be matched to CEFR levels.\"}]","Measuring receptive vocabulary at early ages - Introducing Pic-lex | PDF",1790640642,25]