[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-375584-105":59,"doc-detail-375584-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","mdm2-an-indispensable-player-in-tumorigenesis","MDM2-an indispensable player in tumorigenesis","","Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a well-established oncogenic molecule with multiple cancer-promoting functions, including growth stimulation, sustained angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, apoptosis evasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Dysregulated MDM2 expression occurs across diverse cancer types and drives uncontrolled proliferation by regulating transcription, post-translational modifications, protein degradation, cofactor interactions, and subcellular localization. The review also highlights MDM2’s role in inducing resistance to anti-cancer therapies, reducing treatment benefit.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mdm2-an-indispensable-player-in-tumorigenesis/375584/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/mdm2-an-indispensable-player-in-tumorigenesis/375584.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Eliana","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What roles does MDM2 play in cancer development, according to the review?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"MDM2 promotes growth stimulation, sustained angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, apoptosis evasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression, and its dysregulation supports uncontrolled proliferation.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does MDM2 influence TP53-related cell death pathways?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"MDM2 physically associates with TP53 and functions as a negative regulator of TP53, reinforcing an antagonistic relationship that helps cancer cells evade TP53-mediated death.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does MDM2 matter for anti-cancer therapy effectiveness?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review notes that deregulated MDM2 levels can induce resistance to anti-cancer therapies, limiting the benefits of cancer treatment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},375584,1790247282,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},4398048949847,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002536579ef2da7f?_k=1778318612642679267","Molecular Biology Reports (2023) 50:6871–6883 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s1](https://doi.org/10.1007/s1) 1033-023-08512-3  \nREVIEW ARTICLE  \nMDM2-an indispensable player in tumorigenesis  \nAasma Zafar1 · Muhammad Jawad Khan1 · Aisha Naeem2,3  \nReceived: 31 December 2022 / Accepted: 10 May 2023 / Published online: 14 June 2023 © The Author(s) 2023  \nAbstract  \nMurine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a well-recognized molecule for its oncogenic potential. Since its identification, various cancer-promoting roles of MDM2 such as growth stimulation, sustained angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, apoptosis evasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression have been established. Alterations in the expression levels of MDM2 occur in multiple types of cancers resulting in uncontrolled proliferation. The cellular processes are modulated by MDM2 through transcription, post-translational modifications, protein degradation, binding to cofactors, and subcellular localization. In this review, we discuss the precise role of deregulated MDM2 levels in modulating cellular functions to promote cancer growth. Moreover, we also briefly discuss the role ofMDM2 in inducing resistance against anti-cancerous therapies thus limiting the benefits of cancerous treatment.  \nKeywords MDM2 · TP53 · Apoptosis · Cell signaling · Metabolism  \nAbbreviations  \nAR Androgen Receptor  \nARE Androgen Responsive Elements CDK Cyclin-dependent Kinase DP1 Dimerization partner 1  \nE2F Elongation factor 2  \nECM Extracellular matrix  \nEMT Epidermal to Mesenchymal Transition ER Estrogen Receptor  \nERE Estrogen Responsive Elements GR Glucocorticoid Receptors  \nGRE Glucocorticoid Responsive Elements  \n􀀍 Aisha Naeem[a.naeem@qu.edu.qa](a.naeem@qu.edu.qa)  \nAasma Zafar  \n[aasmazafar584@gmail.com](aasmazafar584@gmail.com)  \nMuhammad Jawad Khan  \n[jawadkhan@comsats.edu.pk](jawadkhan@comsats.edu.pk)  \n1 Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan  \n2 Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center,  \n20057 Washington, DC, U.S.  \n3 Qatar University Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar  \nHAT  \nHCC  \nHDAC  \nHDM2  \nHIF 1-α LAC  \nMDM2  \nMET  \nMMP  \nMTBP  \nNES  \nNLS  \nPCAF  \nPI3KPolII  \nPS2  \nRB  \nROS  \nRP  \nSmad  \nSNP  \nSrc  \nSV40 TGF-β TP53  \nTβRITβRII  \nHistone Acetyltransferase Hepatocellular Carcinoma Histone Deacetyl transferase Human Double Minute 2  \nHypoxia-inducible factor-alpha Lung Adenocarcinoma Murine Double Minute 2  \nMesenchymal to Epidermal Transition  \nMatrix Metalloproteinase MDM2 Binding Protein Nuclear Export Signal  \nNuclear Localization Signal P300/CBP-associated factor Phospho-Inositol 3 Kinase Polymerase II Presenilin-2  \nRetinoblastoma  \nReactive Oxidative Species Ribosomal proteins  \nSmall mothers against decapentaplegic Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Simian Virus 40  \nTransforming growth factor-beta Tumor Protein p53  \nTGF-β Receptor Type I  \nTGF-β Receptor Type II  \nVEGF Vascular Epithelial Growth Factors VHL Von Hippel-Lindau  \nWRN Werner Syndrome RecQ like helicase  \n.  \nIntroduction  \nThe murine double minute 2 (MDM2) gene (also referred to as human double minute 2 (HDM2)) is well recognized for its growth-promoting role in various cancers [1]. The pathogenic role of MDM2 in initiation, progression, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance of cancer is majorly attributed to gene mutation and deregulated expression [2] . Genomic amplification and altered MDM2 levels are associated with unfavorable prognosis, poor response to chemotherapy and target therapy, and adverse clinicopathological parameters in many cancers [3–5] .  \nThe MDM2 reprograms many biological processes that support malignant transformations e.g., cell growth, angiogenesis, metabolism, apoptosis evasion, and metastasis [6] . The deregulated MDM2 gene expression is ascribed to a variety of molecular and regulatory mechanisms. These processes include increased promoter streng","cbCaik0tOD49Qtrl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaik0tOD49Qtrl","pdf",1425157,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## MDM2 empowers cancer cells to escape TP53-mediated cell death","[{\"question\":\"What roles does MDM2 play in cancer development, according to the review?\",\"answer\":\"MDM2 promotes growth stimulation, sustained angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, apoptosis evasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression, and its dysregulation supports uncontrolled proliferation.\"},{\"question\":\"How does MDM2 influence TP53-related cell death pathways?\",\"answer\":\"MDM2 physically associates with TP53 and functions as a negative regulator of TP53, reinforcing an antagonistic relationship that helps cancer cells evade TP53-mediated death.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does MDM2 matter for anti-cancer therapy effectiveness?\",\"answer\":\"The review notes that deregulated MDM2 levels can induce resistance to anti-cancer therapies, limiting the benefits of cancer treatment.\"}]","MDM2-an indispensable player in tumorigenesis | PDF",1790215423,33]