[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-108863-en":3,"doc-seo-108863-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},108863,962075114765,"Quinn","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","Markets and People - Romania Country Economic Memorandum","Markets and People: Romania Country Economic Memorandum synthesizes international development analysis on Romania’s drivers of growth. It examines productivity estimation and the key factors behind firm-level improvements and resource reallocation, then evaluates product market regulations and state ownership and competitive neutrality. The memorandum addresses Romania’s human capital deficit and learning gaps across primary and secondary education, highlighting regional disparities and policy options for pro-competition reforms, human-capital formation, and closing education gaps.","Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \nINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS  \nMarkets and People  \nRomania Country Economic Memorandum  \n© 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433  \nTelephone: 202-473-1000; [Internet: www.worldbank.org](Internet: www.worldbank.org)[ ](Internet: www.worldbank.org)Some rights reserved  \n1 2 3 4 23 22 21 20  \nBooks in this series are published to communicate the results of Bank research, analysis, and operational experience with the least possible delay. The extent of language editing varies from book to book.  \nThis work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.  \nNothing herein shall constitute orbe considered tobe a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.  \nRights and Permissions  \nThis work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) [http://](http://)[ ](http://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license), you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions:  \nAttribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2020. Marketsand People: Romania Country Economic Memorandum. International Development in Focus. Washington, DC: World Bank.  \ndoi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1503-4. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO  \nTranslations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bankshall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.  \nAdaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank.  \nThird-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images.  \nAll queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; [e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org](e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org).  \nISBN: 978-1-4648-1503-4  \nDOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1503-4  \nCover photo: Photo on the left © Shutterstock/roibu, photo on the right © Dominic Chavez/ World Bank. Used with permission; further permission required for reuse.  \nCover design: Debra Naylor / Naylo","cbCaigtIhxMVKRIL","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigtIhxMVKRIL","pdf",5168384,2,1,173,"English","en",105,"# Overview\n## Drivers of growth\n## Competition: Allocating resources more efficiently\n## Human capital: Forming present and future workers\n# CHAPTER 1 Productivity\n## Estimating productivity\n## Leaders and laggards\n## Productivity drivers: Within-firm improvements and reallocation effects\n## A policy agenda\n# CHAPTER 2 Romania’s Product Market Regulations\n## Benchmarking product market regulations\n## Regulations with economywide effects\n## Sector-specific regulations\n## Boosting growth with procompetition reforms\n# CHAPTER 3 State Ownership and Competitive Neutrality\n## The SOE sector in Romania\n## Romanian SOEs hold significant market positions\n## Regulations and policies protect SOEs from competition\n## Reducing anticompetitive market outcomes\n# CHAPTER 4 Romania’s Human Capital Deficit\n## Measuring Romania’s human capital\n## Estimating the subnational HCI for Romania\n## Lagging the rest of the EU\n## Regional disparities and drivers\n# CHAPTER 5 Closing Learning Gaps in Primary and Secondary Education\n## Learners: Systemic gaps and disparities\n## Teachers: Recruitment, deployment, and motivation\n## School management and professionalization\n## School inputs: Funding mechanisms and allocations\n## Improving school performance: Suggested policy actions","[{\"question\":\"What topics does the memorandum cover about Romania’s economic growth?\",\"answer\":\"It covers productivity, product market regulations, state ownership and competitive neutrality, human capital deficits, and learning gaps in primary and secondary education.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report analyze productivity and its drivers?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on estimating productivity, comparing leaders and laggards, and examining within-firm improvements and reallocation effects as productivity drivers.\"},{\"question\":\"What policy directions are emphasized for improving education outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses closing systemic learning gaps by addressing challenges in learners’ performance, teacher recruitment and motivation, school management professionalization, and skewed funding 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