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Using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and Cytoscape for analysis and visualization, the work categorizes hydrocarbons and characterizes gene interactions, dominant interaction types, and pathway candidates, highlighting adaptive responses to oxidative stress and inflammation.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mapping-the-influence-of-hydrocarbons-mixture-on-molecular-mechanisms-involved-in-breast-and-lung-neoplasms-research-open-access/332211/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/mapping-the-influence-of-hydrocarbons-mixture-on-molecular-mechanisms-involved-in-breast-and-lung-neoplasms-research-open-access/332211.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Maeve","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why study hydrocarbon mixtures in breast and lung cancer development?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Air pollution exposure has been associated with breast and lung cancer risk, but molecular studies focused specifically on hydrocarbon mixture mechanisms are scarce. 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Genes and Environment (2024) 46:15 Genes and Environment  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s41021-024-00310-y](https://doi.org/10.1186/s41021-024-00310-y)  \nRESEARCH Open Access  \nMapping the influence of hydrocarbons mixture on molecular mechanisms, involved in breast and lung neoplasms: in silico toxicogenomic data-mining  \nA’edah Abu-Bakar 1*, Maihani Ismail 1*, M. Zaqrul Ieman Zul kifli 1, Nur Aini Sofiyya Zaini 1, Nur Izzah Abd Shukor2, Sarahani Harun3 and Salmaan Hussain Inayat-Hussain4,5  \nAbstract  \nBackground Exposure to chemical mixtures inherent in air pollution, has been shown to be associated with the risk of breast and lung cancers. However, studies on the molecular mechanisms of exposure to a mixture of these pollutants, such as hydrocarbons, in the development of breast and lung cancers are scarce. We utilized in silico toxicogenomic analysis to elucidate the molecular pathways linked to both cancers that are influenced by exposure to a mixture of selected hydrocarbons. The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and Cytoscape software were used for data mining and visualization.  \nResults Twenty-five hydrocarbons, common in air pollution with carcinogenicity classification of 1 A/B or 2 (known/ presumed or suspected human carcinogen), were divided into three groups: alkanes and alkenes, halogenated hydrocarbons, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The in silico data-mining revealed 87 and 44 genes commonly interacted with most of the investigated hydrocarbons are linked to breast and lung cancer, respectively. The dominant interactions among the common genes are co-expression, physical interaction, genetic interaction,  \nco-localization, and interaction in shared protein domains. Among these genes, only 16 are common in the development of both cancers. Benzo(a)pyrene and tetrachlorodibenzodioxin interacted with all 16 genes. The molecular pathways potentially affected by the investigated hydrocarbons include aryl hydrocarbon receptor, chemical carcinogenesis, ferroptosis, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, interleukin 17 signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis, NRF2 pathway, and oxidative stress response.  \nConclusions Within the inherent limitations of in silico toxicogenomics tools, we elucidated the molecular pathways associated with breast and lung cancer development potentially affected by hydrocarbons mixture. Our findings indicate adaptive responses to oxidative stress and inflammatory damages are instrumental in the development of both cancers. Additionally, ferroptosis—a non-apoptotic programmed cell death driven by lipid peroxidation and iron  \n*Correspondence:  \nA’edah Abu-Bakar[aedah.abubakar@petronas.com](aedah.abubakar@petronas.com)[ ](aedah.abubakar@petronas.com)Maihani Ismail [maihani.ismail@petronas.com](maihani.ismail@petronas.com)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.org/l](http://creativecommons.org/l)icenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ([http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)) applies to the data made available ","cbCaieEkSdBpzwCf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieEkSdBpzwCf","pdf",3116050,21,"English","# Abstract\n# Background\n# Results\n# Conclusions\n# Keywords\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why study hydrocarbon mixtures in breast and lung cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"Air pollution exposure has been associated with breast and lung cancer risk, but molecular studies focused specifically on hydrocarbon mixture mechanisms are scarce. This work addresses that gap by mapping pathways linked to hydrocarbon-driven molecular changes in both cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the investigated hydrocarbons organized for analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Twenty-five hydrocarbons commonly present in air pollution were grouped based on carcinogenicity classification and divided into three groups: alkanes and alkenes, halogenated hydrocarbons, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of gene interactions were most prominent in the data-mining results?\",\"answer\":\"Among commonly interacting genes, dominant interaction patterns included co-expression, physical interaction, genetic interaction, co-localization, and interaction within shared protein domains.\"}]","Mapping the influence of hydrocarbons mixture on molecular mechanisms, involved in breast and lung neoplasms - Research Open Access | PDF",1789997346,53]