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patient safety in healthcare?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"Process mapping helps identify where potential errors are built into care processes, enabling redesign to remove them and improve safety.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"What limitations do flow charts have in representing healthcare processes?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"Flow charts struggle with the complexity, diversity, and sheer size of processes spanning many departments, and they can become cluttered when representing numerous possible care pathways.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What characteristics of the healthcare system motivate additional mapping methods?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Wide variation in patient conditions, complex cooperation among specialized healthcare roles, and complex, widely distributed data—along with autonomy affecting data transfer—make a data-focused and role-aware process mapping approach 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IN ORDER TO DESIGN FOR  \nPATIENT SAFETY  \nGyu Chan Thomas Jun, James Ward and P John Clarkson  \nKeywords: healthcare system, patient safety, process mapping  \n1. Introduction  \nThe demand for improving quality and patient safety of the healthcare provision process has been growing especially since the release of a report “To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System” in 1999. In this report, the Institute of Medicine in the US estimated that at least 44,000 American die each year from medical errors[1] . As a result, many countries have established national healthcare quality improvement agencies including the Institute of Healthcare Improvement in the US, the modernization agency in the UK, the Dutch Institute for Healthcare Improvement, and the Australian Council for Safety and Quality in Healthcare.  \nRedesigning healthcare systems has been a key approach in these organizations. Roughly speaking, this approach consists of two basic steps: identifying where potential for error is built into the process; redesigning the process to remove them [2] . In order to identify potential for error, an existing care process has been mapped first. In the healthcare industry, very limited types of process mapping methods have been used such as block diagrams, decision-action diagrams and activity role lane maps [3] [4] . These are all slightly different types of flowcharts representing the sequence of main process steps. As a communication tool, flow charts may be sufficient to enhance consensus decision-making and involvement of people in different groups and disciplines. On the other hand, as an analysis tool for identifying potential for error, there is room for further improvement. In fact, flow charts are not equipped to deal with the complexity and sheer size of processes that span many departments [5] . For this reason, additional process mapping methods are necessary to assist effective identification of potential for error.  \nWhen it comes to the process mapping methods, a great variety of approaches have been developed and used in other disciplines including human factors, software engineering and systems engineering. Since each mapping method has different origin and application, the effort to finding appropriate mapping methods to the healthcare process should be based on the understanding of the distinguishing characteristics of the healthcare system.  \nIn this paper, the main characteristics of the healthcare system are discussed in connection with requirements for the additional process mapping methods. Secondly, the process mapping methods used in either the healthcare industry or other industries are reviewed through case studies to identify their applicability to the healthcare system.  \n2. Characteristics of the healthcare system  \nFirst, considering wide variations in patients’ conditions and the resulting variations in care, simple flow charts have considerable limitations in representing countless possible care pathways. Second, a complex cooperation of multiple healthcare workers requires clear representation of activity role distribution in a process map. Besides, complex and widely distributed data in the healthcare system show the need for a data-focused process mapping approach.  \nFlow charts are not sufficient to deal with diversity of the healthcare system. In fact, there is wide variation in physical and mental conditions of patients. Every patient is truly different and therefore each patient has to take a different care process. In other words, although there may be one idealised care pathway of what should happen, there are countless what does happen. In order to improve the process, what does happen rather than what should happen should be described first. When a process has been represented in an idealised way, this will make it difficult to improve the process since the process m","cbCaic8woLKB2Bs3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaic8woLKB2Bs3","pdf",158367,11,"English","# Introduction\n# Characteristics of the healthcare system","[{\"question\":\"Why is process mapping important for patient safety in healthcare?\",\"answer\":\"Process mapping helps identify where potential errors are built into care processes, enabling redesign to remove them and improve safety.\"},{\"question\":\"What limitations do flow charts have in representing healthcare processes?\",\"answer\":\"Flow charts struggle with the complexity, diversity, and sheer size of processes spanning many departments, and they can become cluttered when representing numerous possible care pathways.\"},{\"question\":\"What characteristics of the healthcare system motivate additional mapping methods?\",\"answer\":\"Wide variation in patient conditions, complex cooperation among specialized healthcare roles, and complex, widely distributed data—along with autonomy affecting data transfer—make a data-focused and role-aware process mapping approach necessary.\"}]","MAPPING THE HEALTHCARE PROCESS IN ORDER TO DESIGN FOR PATIENT SAFETY | PDF",28]