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MILITARY OPERATIONS  \nEdited by  \nCamille Faure  \nDeputy Legal Affairs Director  \nCommissaire en chef de 1ère classe Rudolph Stamminger Head of the Law of Armed Conflict Office, Legal Affairs Directorate  \nTranslation  \nJonathan Gautier  \nManual of the Law of Military Operations © 2022 by French Ministry for Armed Forces is licensed under Creative Commons (CC) Attribution (BY) -NonCommercial (NC) -NoDerivatives (ND) 4.0 International.  \nThis license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format but requires that reusers must give credit to the creator (BY), no derivatives or adaptations of this work are permitted (ND) and only noncommercial use of this work is permitted (NC) . Noncommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation.  \n“The blood of our enemies is still the blood of men.  \nTrue glory lies in sparing it.”  \n—King Louis XV to his son, the Dauphin, on the evening of the Battle of Fontenoy, 11 May 1745.  \nLes Pensées des rois de France (The Thoughts ofthe Kings of France)  \nGabriel Boissy, Albin Michel, 1949.  \n“The law of nations is naturally founded on this principle, that different nations ought in time ofpeace to do one another all the good they can, and in time of war as little harm as possible, without prejudicing their real interests.”  \n—Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (The Spirit ofLaws1), Vol. II, Chapter 3, 1748  \n1 As translated by Thomas Nugent, 1750.  \nFOREWORD  \nAs a permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations, whose founding Charter proclaims the faith of the peoples of the United Nations in fundamental human rights and their commitment to unite their strength to maintain international peace and security,“the French Republic, faithful to its traditions, shall respect the rules of public international law. It shall undertake no war aimed at conquest, nor shall it ever employ force against the freedom of any people”2.  \nFrance has always ensured that the actions of its armed forces, which have been consistently engaged in foreign operations since the end of the Cold War, are carried out in accordance with international law, be it the jus ad bellum or, in the field, the jus in bello, also known as international humanitarian law.  \nInternational humanitarian law is much more than a body of complex rules which must be applied. Humanitarian law, and more broadly the law applicable to French operations, is the armour of our soldiers. This armour is inherently tied to military status, as under Article L4122-1 of the French Defence Code, no soldier may “be ordered to accomplish acts that are contrary to laws, to customs of war or to international conventions”. It is also an ethical armour, drawing on military virtues in line with those of the Nation, including the control of violence, a sense of honour, and belief in universal human dignity. Lastly, it is an armour that is inseparable from the success of operations, for respect for law and for others is one of the cardinal conditions for the legitimacy of any intervention, particularly in the eyes of civilian populations.  \nThis Military Operations Law Manual presents, in a single volume, the main rules governing the use of force by the French armed forces, whether it be abroad in situations of armed conflict or in executing operational agreements, or in national territory for interventions outside war situations. It focuses on the concrete operational responses and associated legal aspects.  \nLike the unsightly Sileni to which Alcibiades compares Socrates, this handbook, although under a perhaps austere exterior, holds treasures 3 . It contains essential, valuable and comprehensive information, and therefore belongs, whether in printed or digital form, in the basic gear of each member of military personnel involved in operations, regardless","cbCaipjdUorUSJKt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipjdUorUSJKt","pdf",3624579,363,"English","# Foreword\n## International law and the use of force\n## Jus ad bellum and jus in bello\n## Ethical and operational legitimacy\n## Purpose and scope of the manual","[{\"question\":\"What legal framework does the manual emphasize for French military operations?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes compliance with public international law, including jus ad bellum and, in the field, jus in bello (international humanitarian law).\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the manual describe humanitarian law as more than a set of complex rules?\",\"answer\":\"It presents humanitarian law as a form of “armour” for soldiers—legal and ethical—grounded in virtues and respect for universal human dignity.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the manual claim is the operational significance of respecting law during interventions?\",\"answer\":\"Respect for law and others is presented as a cardinal condition for the legitimacy of any intervention, especially in the eyes of civilian populations.\"}]","MANUAL OF THE LAW OF MILITARY OPERATIONS - Foreword | PDF",1792706388,915]