[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-151845-en":3,"doc-seo-151845-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},151845,962085662650,"Dozel","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","Manga Beyond Japan - How the Term Manga Has Globalized","The paper traces how “manga” evolved from a strictly Japanese term into a global label for comics and an international media form. It examines the shift driven by English-language analysis, publishing markets in North America, and landmark moments of recognition such as bestseller rankings and major manga awards. Special attention is given to “Cool Japan” and pop-culture diplomacy, showing how governmental initiatives and award practices contributed to overseas understanding. The discussion also focuses on how non-Japanese artists use manga to move beyond both Japan and fixed notions of nationality.","Fusami Ogi  \nManga Beyond Japan: How the Term Manga Has Globalized  \nKeywords: manga, mangaka, narrative, globalization, Japan  \nIntroduction  \nDuring these two decades, the concept of manga has changed a lot. Before 2000, “manga” was surely Japanese, linguistically. At present, manga is not a foreign concept anymore, representing a well-known comics style and inspiring various types of international collaboration beyond Japan. National boundaries look like something that can be erased in this case. In terms of manga, some artists work together beyond Japan and other artists publish personal narratives often based on experience from their own perspectives beyond Japan as if manga were a global media from the first. This paper considers how the acceptance of manga has expanded beyond Japan and examines how non-Japanese artists use manga as a special form to go not only beyond Japan, but beyond nationality as such.  \nManga Linguistically Became English in 2006  \nManga dramatically and dynamically became a global term after I started working on it outside Japan more than 20 years ago. When I began analyzing manga in English in the US, I was always asked what manga meant. My advisors told me to add “Japanese comics” to the word manga, which should also be indicated in italics, because it was foreign. Before manga experienced globalization in the 2000s, there had already been some attempts to introduce manga outside Japan. Manga! Manga! (1983) by Frederick Schodt, the pioneer of manga criticism in English, was perhaps the first book-length introduction. It featured a preface by artist Tezuka Osamu, the “God of Manga,” who deplored the West’s lack of interest in accepting manga as follows:  \nThe isolation of the Japanese comic clearly has to do with the way it is published. Captions and word balloons of Japanese comics must of course be printed in Japanese, which is totally indecipherable to foreign readers; translations are rarely provided. Also, Japa-  \nnese comics, like other Japanese publications, open and are read from right to left, making them hard to follow visually for people used to reading in the opposite direction. Simply as an object to be read, then, a Japanese comic in its raw form is not easily accepted in the West. Rather, it is ignored. (Tezuka, 1983, 10)  \nAround the same time, comics critic Fred Patten wrote in The Comics Journal, which started in 1976, about similar difficulties in introducing manga to the West:  \nJapanese comics are laid out “backward” to Western conventions, reading right-to-left rather than left-to-right. To translate them into English would require photographically reversing the art, an expensive extra step. For the present, the world of Japanese comic art will remain a phenomenon for Americans to marvel at from afar. (Patten, 1984, 55)  \nHowever, as the globalization of manga and anime proceeded, such difficulties with manga expression were overcome. Scholar Frederick Schodt noted the change that made manga linguistically global as follows:  \nBy September 4, 2006, it was clear to me that manga had truly conquered North America. […]. There was no translation of the word, of course, and -- with the market for English versions of both manga and anime now estimated to be in the billions of dollars--who would need one? (Schodt, 2008, viii)  \nThe market for Japanese comics in the US reached its peak in 2007:  \nThe market for Japanese comics, called manga, in the United States grew rapidly at the beginning of the twenty-first century at a rate unprecedented in the publishing industry. Sales grew a remarkable 350% from $60 million in 2002 to $210 million in 2007 and did not begin to decline until the beginning of the recent economic downturn beginning in late 2008. (Brienza, 2009, 101)  \nManga experienced many significant moments of recognition as a global media:  \nIn 2007, […] it was the first year that a manga title was ranking in USA Today’s best-seller list […]. Around the same time, the media ","cbCailzbWlJWOKOC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailzbWlJWOKOC","pdf",17708376,1,17,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Manga Linguistically Became English in 2006\n## Market Growth and Recognition as a Global Media\n## Cool Japan and Pop-Culture Diplomacy\n## Questioning Shared Meaning of “Manga” Across Languages","[{\"question\":\"How did the meaning of “manga” change outside Japan?\",\"answer\":\"After the 2000s, “manga” became a global term used without translating it into “Japanese comics.” Scholars and markets increasingly treated it as a widely recognized comics style rather than a purely Japanese-linguistic label.\"},{\"question\":\"What difficulties limited early acceptance of Japanese comics in the West?\",\"answer\":\"Japanese comics required right-to-left reading and Japanese-only captions, making them hard to follow visually. Some translation would also demand costly changes such as reversing artwork for English readers, so the raw form was often ignored.\"},{\"question\":\"Which events and policies supported manga’s international mainstreaming?\",\"answer\":\"Rising US market performance, bestseller rankings, and international manga awards helped normalize manga globally. In addition, “Cool Japan” diplomacy and MOFA pop-culture initiatives framed manga as an effective tool for overseas understanding of Japan.\"}]","Manga Beyond Japan - How the Term Manga Has Globalized | PDF",1787851203,43,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"manga-beyond-japan-how-the-term-manga-has-globalized","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/manga-beyond-japan-how-the-term-manga-has-globalized/151845/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-04","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"How did the meaning of “manga” change outside Japan?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"After the 2000s, “manga” became a global term used without translating it into “Japanese comics.” Scholars and markets increasingly treated it as a widely recognized comics style rather than a purely Japanese-linguistic label.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What difficulties limited early acceptance of Japanese comics in the West?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"Japanese comics required right-to-left reading and Japanese-only captions, making them hard to follow visually. Some translation would also demand costly changes such as reversing artwork for English readers, so the raw form was often ignored.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"Which events and policies supported manga’s international mainstreaming?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Rising US market performance, bestseller rankings, and international manga awards helped normalize manga globally. In addition, “Cool Japan” diplomacy and MOFA pop-culture initiatives framed manga as an effective tool for overseas understanding of Japan.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]