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This article resolves the tension by reversing the premise and examining manga that portray the Japan Self-Defense Force enacting violence. Content analysis identifies three patterns—constrained, frantic, and dominant—framing JSDF violence as legitimate statecraft. The study traces manga industry origins and explains cultural remilitarisation using New Durkheimian concepts of civil society.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/manga-and-militarism-rehabilitating-military-violence-in-japan-article-analysis-cultural-remilitarisation/139565/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/manga-and-militarism-rehabilitating-military-violence-in-japan-article-analysis-cultural-remilitarisation/139565.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Maeve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-19","2026-08-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What impasse does the article address in Japan’s security debate?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The debate is split between realist views that policy reforms are remilitarising Japan and constructivist views that a ‘culture of antimilitarism’ prevents genuine remilitarisation.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article investigate manga’s role in this debate?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It analyzes manga that positively portray the Japan Self-Defense Force enacting violence, using content analysis to derive recurring frames of violence.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are the three patterns of violence identified in the manga?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study identifies constrained, frantic, and dominant patterns, which together present JSDF violence as a legitimate instrument of statecraft.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},139565,1787558156,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":41,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":143},5909877438554,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/5600025385ad2bf12a7?_k=1778553567797529272","The Pacific Review  \nISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal [homepage: ](homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rpre20)[www.tandfonline.com/journals/rpre20](homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rpre20)  \nManga and militarism: rehabilitating military violence in Japan  \nMax Warrack  \nTo cite this article: Max Warrack (30 Mar 2025): Manga and militarism: rehabilitating military  \nviolence in Japan, The Pacific Review, DOI: 10.1080/09512748.2025.2484343  \nTo link to this article: [https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2025.2484343](https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2025.2484343)  \n© 2025 The Author(s) . Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group  \n\n|  Published online: 30 Mar 2025. |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| | Submit your article to this journal  |\n| | View related articles  |\n|  View Crossmark data |  |\n\nFull Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at [https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rpre20](https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rpre20)  \nThe Pacific Review  \n[https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2025.2484343](https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2025.2484343)  \nManga and militarism: rehabilitating military violence in Japan  \nMax Warrack   \nDepartment of Politics and international Studies, University of warwick coventry, United Kingdom  \nABSTRACT  \nThere is an impasse in Japan’s security debate. Realists emphasise defence build-up programmes and policy reforms that are cumulatively developing Japan’s autonomous security capabilities to argue Japan is remilitarising; and normative constructivists emphasise a ‘culture of antimilitarism’ to argue it is not really remilitarising. This article explores a route through this impasse by flipping the premise on which it rests: that Japan’s culture resists remilitarisation. It investigates manga (Japanese comics) that positively portray the Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF) enacting violence. Through a content analysis of these manga, it identifies three patterns of violence: constrained, frantic, and dominant, that frame JSDF violence as a legitimate tool of statecraft. They represent an interpretive challenge to the antimilitarist societal consensus; one this article outlines using Jeffrey Alexander’s New Durkheimian conceptualisation of civil society. The article traces the industry-origins of these manga and illustrates (pun intended) how they disrupt the ‘culture of antimilitarism’. The article outlines a process of‘cultural remilitarisation’ connected to Japan’s most prominent medium, presenting a cultural explanation for Japan’s post-Cold War security trajectory; and introducing nuance to a key premise of the Japan security debate: Japan’s culture can support and encourage, as well as resist, remilitarisation.  \nKEYWORDS International security; Japan; manga; militarism; new Durkheim; popular culture and politics  \nFor more than two decades, Japan’s security debate has been at an impasse between material- and cultural-focused scholarship over the direction of Japan’s post-Cold War security policy. Specifically, over whether it is changing away from a pattern of restraint and exclusive national defence established in the Cold War to become more aligned with other countries; or whether it is continuing to diverge from the international norm and maintain a restrained exclusively national defence-focused policy. The  \nCONTACT Max warrack  [max.a.q.warrack@warwick.ac.uk](max.a.q.warrack@warwick.ac.uk)  Department of Politics and international Studies, University of warwick coventry, cv4 7aL, UK.  \n© 2025 The author(s) . Published by informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & francis Group  \nThis is an Open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution License ([http://](http://)[ ](http://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The","cbCaicL6WOjOfA6T","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicL6WOjOfA6T","pdf",2287153,"English","# Abstract\n# Security debate and the impasse\n## Material versus cultural explanations\n# Article approach and research question\n## Flipping the premise about culture\n# Manga selection and content analysis\n## Three patterns of JSDF violence: constrained, frantic, dominant\n# Interpretive challenge to antimilitarist consensus\n## New Durkheimian civil society framing\n# Industry origins and cultural remilitarisation\n## Post-Cold War security trajectory and implications","[{\"question\":\"What impasse does the article address in Japan’s security debate?\",\"answer\":\"The debate is split between realist views that policy reforms are remilitarising Japan and constructivist views that a ‘culture of antimilitarism’ prevents genuine remilitarisation.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article investigate manga’s role in this debate?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes manga that positively portray the Japan Self-Defense Force enacting violence, using content analysis to derive recurring frames of violence.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the three patterns of violence identified in the manga?\",\"answer\":\"The study identifies constrained, frantic, and dominant patterns, which together present JSDF violence as a legitimate instrument of statecraft.\"}]","Manga and militarism: rehabilitating military violence in Japan - Article analysis - Cultural remilitarisation | PDF",76]