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This limits management agencies’ evidence on survival, causes of mortality, human-conflict activity, movement behavior, and reproduction. An evaluation of 550 American black, brown, and Asiatic black bears from 12 captive-rearing programs documented survival (0.50–1.00), main mortality causes, low rates of recorded conflicts, lack of homing tendencies for two species, and 20 bears producing 21 litters, supporting captive-reared release as a defensible management option.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/management-implications-for-releasing-orphaned-captive-reared-bears-back-to-the-wild/139332/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/management-implications-for-releasing-orphaned-captive-reared-bears-back-to-the-wild/139332.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aurelia","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-19","2026-08-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why do agencies have limited confidence in releasing captive-reared orphaned bears?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Post-release monitoring is uncommon, so management agencies often lack efficacy data on success rates, which reduces willingness to expand the technique.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What did the study evaluate after release?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It documented post-release survival, cause-specific mortality, human conflict activity, movement patterns, and reproduction for 550 bears across 12 captive-rearing programs.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the main causes of mortality by species?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"For American black bears, sport hunting and road kills were primary; for brown bears, intra-specific predation and illegal kills; for Asiatic black bears, natural mortalities and illegal kills.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},139332,1787524336,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},1099514068365,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/10000253d8d9f28188e?_k=1776742907772140068","See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: [https://www. researchgate. net/publication/280874998](https://www. researchgate. net/publication/280874998)  \nManagement Implications for Releasing Orphaned, Captive-Reared Bears Back to the Wild  \nArticle in Journal of Wildlife Management · July 2015 Impact Factor: 1.73 · DOI: 10. 1002/jwmg.941  \nREADS 147  \n13 authors, including:  \nJohn J. Beecham  \nSelf employed  \n25 PUBLICATIONS 469 CITATIONS  \nSEE PROFILE  \nAlexandros A Karamanlidis  \nMOm / Hellenic Society for the Study and P…  \n63 PUBLICATIONS 418 CITATIONS  \nSEE PROFILE  \nMiguel de Gabriel Hernando Universidad de Salamanca 10 PUBLICATIONS 51 CITATIONS  \nSEE PROFILE  \nRichard A. Beausoleil  \nWashington Department of Fish & Wildlife 10 PUBLICATIONS 63 CITATIONS  \nSEE PROFILE  \nAll in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.  \nAvailable from: Alexandros A Karamanlidis  \nRetrieved on: 22 May 2016  \nThe Journal of Wildlife Management; DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.941  \nResearch Article  \nManagement Implications for Releasing Orphaned, Captive-Reared Bears Back to the Wild  \nJOHN J. BEECHAM,1 Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 600 S. Walnut Street, Boise, ID 83707, USA and 7252 N. Pierce Park Lane, Boise, ID 83703, USA  \nMIGUEL DE GABRIEL HERNANDO, C/ Carnicer, , as 3, 28I, Len 24003, Spain  \nALEXANDROS A. KARAMANLIDIS, ARCTUROS, Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Florina 53075, Greece and Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, A˚s 1432, Norway  \nRICHARD A. BEAUSOLEIL, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 3515 State Highway 97A, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USAKELCEY BURGUESS, New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, 141 Van Syckels Road, Hampton, NJ 08827, USA  \nDONG-HYUK JEONG, Species Restoration Technology Institute of Korea National Park Service, 53-1, Hwangjeon-ri, Masan-myeon, Gurye, Jeonnam Province, South Korea  \nMATHEW BINKS, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada and 104 David Street, Sudbury, ON P3E 1T1, Canada LEONARDO BERECZKY, Association for Conserving Natural Values, 1st December Street Number 22, Balan 535200, Romania  \nN. V. K. ASHRAF, Wildlife Trust of India, F13, Sector 8, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India  \nKIRA SKRIPOVA, Vladivostok Branch of Russian Customs Academy 16v, Strelkovaya Street, Vladivostok 690034, Russia LISA RHODIN, Montana Wildlife Center at Montana Wild, Post Office Box 200701, Helena, Montana 59601, USA JANENE AUGER, 1110 Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA  \nBAE-KEUN LEE, Species Restoration Technology Institute of Korea National Park Service, 53-1, Hwangjeon-ri, Masan-myeon, Gurye, Jeonnam Province, South Korea  \nABSTRACT Orphaned bears have been captive-reared and released back to the wild for more than 3 decades, often without a clear understanding of their fates because post-release monitoring is not a common practice. As a result, management agencies lack efficacy data on post-release success rates and are often reluctant to encourage increased use of this technique. We evaluated the potential management and conservation implications of releasing captive-reared bears by documenting post-release survival, causespecific mortality, human conflict activity, movements, and reproduction for 550 American black, brown and Asiatic black bears reared in 12 captive-rearing programs around the world. Survival rates in these programs ranged from 0.50 to 1.00 and were similar among the 3 species. The primary causes of mortality were sport hunting and road kills for American black bears, intra-specific predation and illegal kills for brown bears, and natural mortalities and illegal kills for Asiatic black bears. Although American and Asiatic black bears were involved in conflicts post-release, the majority of released bears (94%) were not documented in conflict ","cbCaik38KwA7Jsg2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaik38KwA7Jsg2","pdf",317462,11,"English","# Abstract\n## Background and management challenge\n## Study scope and methods\n## Survival and mortality findings\n## Human conflict and movement patterns\n## Reproduction outcomes and conservation implications","[{\"question\":\"Why do agencies have limited confidence in releasing captive-reared orphaned bears?\",\"answer\":\"Post-release monitoring is uncommon, so management agencies often lack efficacy data on success rates, which reduces willingness to expand the technique.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the study evaluate after release?\",\"answer\":\"It documented post-release survival, cause-specific mortality, human conflict activity, movement patterns, and reproduction for 550 bears across 12 captive-rearing programs.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main causes of mortality by species?\",\"answer\":\"For American black bears, sport hunting and road kills were primary; for brown bears, intra-specific predation and illegal kills; for Asiatic black bears, natural mortalities and illegal kills.\"}]","Management Implications for Releasing Orphaned, Captive-Reared Bears Back to the Wild | PDF",28]