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Results show a modestly increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension in fathers diagnosed with male infertility versus fertile fathers, though residual confounding remains.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/male-infertility-and-risk-of-cardiometabolic-conditions-a-population-based-cohort-study/440184/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/male-infertility-and-risk-of-cardiometabolic-conditions-a-population-based-cohort-study/440184.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Anna Hans","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":22},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What is the main research question of the study?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"Whether male infertility is independently associated with increased risk of incident hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and/or cerebrovascular disease.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How was male infertility status determined and who was included?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"The cohort included 445,909 men whose partner conceived between January 2009 and September 2016 in New South Wales, Australia. Infertility status was based on male infertility diagnosis in assisted reproduction database records, hospital records, or fertility-related procedures.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What overall risk differences were observed between infertile and fertile fathers?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Fathers diagnosed with male infertility had modestly higher risks of heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension compared with fertile fathers after controlling for measured confounders.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},440184,1790740592,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":22,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},5909892332657,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Human Reproduction, 2026, 41(1), 93–107  \n[https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaf218](https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaf218)  \nAdvance Access Publication Date: November 24, 2025  \nOriginal Article  \nReproductive epidemiology  \nMale infertility and risk of cardiometabolic conditions: a population-based cohort study  \nJack Marozzi 1,2, Mark Hanly 3, Christos Venetis 1,4, Moira K. O’Bryan 2, Robert McLachlan5,6,7, and Georgina M. Chambers 1, 􀀃  \n1National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, Centre for Big Data Research in Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2The School of BioSciences and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 3Centre for Big Data Research in Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia  \n4Unit for Human Reproduction, 1st Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece  \n5Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 6Monash IVF Group, Cremorne, Australia  \n7Healthy Male [Andrology Australia], Melbourne, Australia  \n􀀃 Correspondence address. National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, Centre for Big Data Research in Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Level 5, H2H Building (C29), 55 Botany Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia. E-mail: [g.chambers@unsw.edu.au](g.chambers@unsw.edu.au)  https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 0215-3249  \nABSTRACT  \nSTUDY QUESTION: Is male infertility independently associated with an increased risk of incident hypertension, ischemic and nonischemic heart disease, diabetes, and/or cerebrovascular disease?  \nSUMMARY ANSWER: Fathers diagnosed with male infertility have a modestly increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension compared with fertile fathers, after controlling for measured confounders; however, some important confounders remain inadequately measured.  \nWHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Cohort studies suggest that infertile men have an increased risk of incident cardiometabolic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease, although findings are mixed. The reasons for this association are unclear, but cardiometabolic conditions and male infertility share a wide range of shared etiological factors including age, chronic conditions such as obesity and obstructive sleep apnea, cancers and their treatments, environmental exposures such as pollution and pesticides, lifestyle factors such as smoking and cardiorespiratory fitness, autoimmune conditions such as lupus and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, as well as congenital conditions such as cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy.  \nSTUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Our population-based cohort study included 445 909 men whose partner conceived a child between January 2009 and September 2016 in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. We excluded men with a diagnosis of infertility prior to 2009, men who were under the age of 14 at the time of the child’s conception, and men diagnosed with cardiometabolic conditions in the 6.5 years prior to their index date. The index date was the later of the date of the child’s conception or the date of the vasectomy for fertile men or the date of diagnosis of infertility for infertile men, i.e. the time when the exposure status was determined. From the index date, we followed participants for 5 years up until the latest available date of September 2021.  \nPARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS: The study was conducted in NSW, Australia. We determined infertility status by a diagnosis of male infertility in the Australian and New Zealand Assisted Reproduction Database, hospital records, or a record of fertility-related procedures. We assessed the following outcomes: incident hypertension, ischemic and non-is","cbCaivJynpmvETte","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivJynpmvETte","pdf",2034704,15,"English","# Abstract\n## Study question and summary answer\n## Known background and rationale\n## Study design, size, and duration\n## Participants and outcomes\n## Methods and statistical analysis\n## Main results","[{\"question\":\"What is the main research question of the study?\",\"answer\":\"Whether male infertility is independently associated with increased risk of incident hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and/or cerebrovascular disease.\"},{\"question\":\"How was male infertility status determined and who was included?\",\"answer\":\"The cohort included 445,909 men whose partner conceived between January 2009 and September 2016 in New South Wales, Australia. Infertility status was based on male infertility diagnosis in assisted reproduction database records, hospital records, or fertility-related procedures.\"},{\"question\":\"What overall risk differences were observed between infertile and fertile fathers?\",\"answer\":\"Fathers diagnosed with male infertility had modestly higher risks of heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension compared with fertile fathers after controlling for measured confounders.\"}]","Male infertility and risk of cardiometabolic conditions - a population-based cohort study | PDF",1790691437,38]