[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-109481-en":3,"doc-seo-109481-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},109481,8796095462418,"Noah","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780",8,"Research & Report","MALDIVES - Background paper of the Maldives Country Climate and Development Report - October 2024 - Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Changes","Background paper for the Maldives Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR), prepared for the World Bank in October 2024. The report synthesizes scientific knowledge on sea-level rise and coastal change, covering the Maldives’ oceanographic and geological setting, key morphodynamic processes in atoll island environments, and sea-level change across past, present, and future perspectives. It reviews models for impact assessment, evaluates adaptation strategies—from coastal protection and island augmentation to resilient infrastructure, relocation, and early warning—and presents a roadmap and recommendations for CCDR integration.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \nMALDIVES  \nBackground paper of the Maldives Country Climate and Development Report  \nOctober 2024  \n© 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank  \n1818 H Street NW  \nWashington DC 20433  \nTelephone: 202-473-1000  \n[Internet:](Internet: www.worldbank.org)[ www.worldbank.org](Internet: www.worldbank.org)  \nThis work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, orthe governments they represent.  \nThe World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect tothe use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes and other information shown in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The citation of works authored by others does not mean the World Bank endorses the views expressed by those authors or the content of their works.  \nNothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities ofThe World Bank, all of which arespecifically reserved.  \nRights and Permissions  \nThe material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [pubrights@worldbank.org](pubrights@worldbank.org)  \nReport prepared by CMAR for the World Bank to support background analytics related to sea-level rise (SLR) and coastal changes for the Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) for the Maldives  \nGerd Masselink1 , Mathilde Lindhart1 , Paul Kench2 ,  \nFloortje Roelvink1,3 , Ahmed Aslam Waheed1,4  \n1Coastal Marine Applied Research (CMAR), Coastal Processes Research Group, University of Plymouth  \n2 Department of Geography, National University of Singapore  \n3 Deltares, Delft, the Netherlands  \n4 Department of Environment and Natural Sciences, Maldives National University  \nTable of Contents  \nAcknowledgments  I  \n1. Background  1  \n2. Literature Review  2  \n2.1. Maldives oceanographic and geological setting ~~ ~~ 2  \n2.1.1. Geography  2  \n2.1.2. Geology  3  \n2.1.3. Oceanography (wind, tides and non-tidal water-level changes, waves) ~~ ~~ 5  \n2.2. Key morphodynamic processes acting in atoll island environments ~~ ~~ 7  \n2.2.1. Carbonate factory  7  \n2.2.2. Wave transformation processes (wave breaking, dissipation, set-up and long waves) ~~ ~~ 8  \n2.2.3. Waves on atoll islands (runup, overtopping and overwashing) ~~ ~~ 9  \n2.2.4. Sediment transport processes  10  \n2.2.5. Island groundwater table  11  \n2.3. Sea-level change  12  \n2.3.1. Past  12  \n2.3.2. Present  13  \n2.3.3. Future  13  \n2.4. Atoll island dynamics  14  \n2.4.1. Island evolution during Holocene (last 10,000 years) ~~ ~~ 14  \n2.4.2. Decadal island dynamics  16  \n2.4.3. Island response to extreme events  17  \n2.4.4. Physical resilience of atoll islands  18  \n2.5. Impact of sea-level rise on atoll islands  20  \n2.5.1. Bathtub models  20  \n2.5.2. Hydrodynamic models  20  \n2.5.3. Morphodynamic models  21  \n2.5.4. Evaluation of sea-level rise impacts  22  \n2.6. Adaptation strategies and measures to sea-level rise ~~ ~~ 23  \n2.6.1.","cbCaikysQVjZknXy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikysQVjZknXy","pdf",11985958,4,1,72,"English","en",105,"# Acknowledgments\n# Background\n## Literature Review\n### Maldives oceanographic and geological setting\n### Key morphodynamic processes acting in atoll island environments\n### Sea-level change\n### Atoll island dynamics\n### Impact of sea-level rise on atoll islands\n### Adaptation strategies and measures to sea-level rise\n### Application of adaptation to sea-level rise in the Maldives\n# Roadmap\n## Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways (DAPP)\n## Island typology and adaptation strategies\n# Summary\n## Sea-level rise projections and key physical processes","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of this background paper within the Maldives CCDR?\",\"answer\":\"It supports background analytics related to sea-level rise and coastal changes for the Maldives Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR).\"},{\"question\":\"Which main topics are covered in the literature review?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers the Maldives’ oceanographic and geological setting, morphodynamic processes in atoll environments, sea-level change (past, present, future), atoll island dynamics, and how sea-level rise impacts atoll islands.\"},{\"question\":\"What adaptation approaches are discussed for sea-level rise in the Maldives?\",\"answer\":\"The report reviews adaptation strategies including coastal protection (hard and soft/nature-based), island augmentation, flood-resilient infrastructure and spatial planning, migration and relocation, and early warning systems and future flood-risk scenarios.\"}]","MALDIVES - Background paper of the Maldives Country Climate and Development Report - October 2024 - Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Changes | PDF",1784480225,181,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"maldives-background-paper-of-the-maldives-country-climate-and-development-report-october-2024-sea-level-rise-and-coastal-changes","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/maldives-background-paper-of-the-maldives-country-climate-and-development-report-october-2024-sea-level-rise-and-coastal-changes/109481/",{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-29","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What is the purpose of this background paper within the Maldives CCDR?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"It supports background analytics related to sea-level rise and coastal changes for the Maldives Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR).","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"Which main topics are covered in the literature review?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"The review covers the Maldives’ oceanographic and geological setting, morphodynamic processes in atoll environments, sea-level change (past, present, future), atoll island dynamics, and how sea-level rise impacts atoll islands.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What adaptation approaches are discussed for sea-level rise in the Maldives?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"The report reviews adaptation strategies including coastal protection (hard and soft/nature-based), island augmentation, flood-resilient infrastructure and spatial planning, migration and relocation, and early warning systems and future flood-risk scenarios.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]