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The report highlights large variation in funding levels, including persistent disparities between the highest and lowest funded states over the past decade. It also examines distribution patterns and funding effort measured against state GDP, showing that states differ widely and that overall effort has declined as spending has not kept pace with economic growth.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/making-the-grade-2024-how-fair-is-school-funding-in-your-state/584083/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/making-the-grade-2024-how-fair-is-school-funding-in-your-state/584083.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"\tCallum ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What time period does the Making the Grade 2024 report cover?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It presents a picture of school funding in the 2021-2022 school year, using the most recent data available at the time of publication.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the report measure fairness in school funding?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The report uses fairness measures that include funding level, funding distribution, and funding effort, linking state and local revenue for PK-12 education to state GDP.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are the report’s main findings about funding differences across states?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Funding levels vary greatly, with the highest funded states spending far more per pupil than the lowest funded states, and disparities persisting over the last decade. It also finds differences in both distribution progressivity and overall funding effort.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},584083,1792189625,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},137451211410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000bb0a9246f588df?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786362646172706240","Making the Grade  \nHOW FAIR IS SCHOOL FUNDING IN YOUR STATE?  \n2024  \nAbout the Authors  \nDanielle Farrie, Ph.D., is Research Director at Education Law Center. She conducts analysis to support litigation and public policy for ELC and partner organizations. Dr. Farrie has authored book chapters and peer-reviewed articles on topics such as school finance and school segregation. She has testified about school funding issues before numerous state and national commissions and has provided expert testimony in state school funding lawsuits. She [holds a Ph.D. in](holds a Ph.D. in) sociology from Temple University.  \nRobert Kim, Esq., is Executive Director of Education Law Center. He is a leading expert in education law and policy in the United States. Mr. Kim has written extensively on a wide range of legal and policy issues impacting public education, including as a regular columnist in Phi Delta Kappan. He is also the author of two graduate-level textbooks on education and the law and a book for K-12 teachers on U.S. Supreme Court cases impacting public education. He received his B.A. from Williams College and his J.D. from Boston College Law School.  \nAbout Education Law Center  \nEducation Law Center pursues justice and equity for public school students by enforcing their right to a high-quality education in safe, equitable, non-discriminatory, integrated, and wellfunded learning environments. We seek to support and improve public schools as the center of communities and the foundation of a multicultural and multiracial democratic society. We strive to secure and protect the rights of students who are underserved, experience inadequate learning opportunities, or face discrimination based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, language, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, immigrant or migrant status, or disability. To achieve these goals, we engage in litigation, research and data analysis, policy advocacy, communications, and strategic partnerships and collaborations.  \nAbout ELC’s Fair School Funding Research  \nELC conducts and publishes research to advance policy and advocacy for fair school funding in the states with support from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Visit ELC’s Making the Grade website to access:  \n• an online, interactive version of this report  \n• downloadable state profiles  \n• a deeper dive into the methodology behind the rankings and numbers in this report.  \nThis research was supported by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation.  \nTable of Contents  \n\n| Introduction | 03 |\n| --- | --- |\n| How Fair Is School Funding in Your State? | 06 |\n| What Is Fair School Funding? | 06 |\n| Why the States? | 06 |\n| Why Does Fair School Funding Matter? | 07 |\n| Methodology | 08 |\n| The Fairness Measures | 09 |\n| Funding Level | 09 |\n| Funding Distribution | 14 |\n| Funding Effort | 20 |\n| Putting It All Together | 24 |\n\nConclusion 29  \nTable of Figures  \nFigure 1a. Funding Level 10  \nFigure 1b. Regional Funding Disparities 11  \nFigure 1c. Funding Gaps Between Top and Bottom States 11  \nFigure 1d. Change in Per-Pupil Funding Level, 2021 to 2022 12  \nFigure 1e. Change in Funding Level Rank, 2021 to 2022 13  \n\n| Figure 2a. Funding Distribution | 15 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Figure 2b. Number of Progressive, Flat and Regressive States, 2012 to 2022 | 16 |\n| Figure 2c. Change in Funding Distribution Ratio, 2012 to 2022 | 17 |\n| Figure 2d. Fairness Profiles | 18 |\n| Figure 2e. Digging Deeper: California | 19 |\n| Figure 3a. Funding Effort | 21 |\n| Figure 3b. National Effort Trends | 22 |\n| Figure 3c. Funding Effort Change by State, 2021 to 2022 | 23 |\n\nTable 1. Making the Grade 2024 24  \nFigure 4a. Poorly Funded, Inequitable, Low Effort 25  \nFigure 4b. Above Average Funding, Inequitable 25  \nFigure 4c. Below Average Funding, Progressive, Above Average Effort 25  \nFigure 4d. Below Average Funding, Progressive, Below Average Effort 26  \nFigure 4e. Well-Above Average Funding, Progressive 26  \nFigure 5. Funding Level Grades in Universal Vouc","cbCaikW6pMvVB4yE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikW6pMvVB4yE","pdf",18037342,32,"English","# Introduction\n# How Fair Is School Funding in Your State?\n# What Is Fair School Funding?\n# Why the States?\n# Why Does Fair School Funding Matter?\n# Methodology\n# The Fairness Measures\n# Funding Level\n# Funding Distribution\n# Funding Effort\n# Putting It All Together\n# Conclusion\n# Table of Figures\n## Figure 1a-1e Funding and disparities\n## Figure 2a-2e Distribution and fairness profiles\n## Figure 3a-3c Funding effort trends\n## Figure 4a-4e Grade groupings\n## Figure 5 Funding level grades in universal voucher states","[{\"question\":\"What time period does the Making the Grade 2024 report cover?\",\"answer\":\"It presents a picture of school funding in the 2021-2022 school year, using the most recent data available at the time of publication.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report measure fairness in school funding?\",\"answer\":\"The report uses fairness measures that include funding level, funding distribution, and funding effort, linking state and local revenue for PK-12 education to state GDP.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the report’s main findings about funding differences across states?\",\"answer\":\"Funding levels vary greatly, with the highest funded states spending far more per pupil than the lowest funded states, and disparities persisting over the last decade. It also finds differences in both distribution progressivity and overall funding effort.\"}]","Making the Grade - 2024 - How Fair Is School Funding in Your State? | PDF",1792049716,81]