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She conducts analyses to support litigation and public policy for ELC and partner organizations. Before joining ELC, she conducted research in the field of urban education on such topics as school choice, racial segregation, and school segregation. She has co-authored peer-reviewed articles on how race affects perceptions of school quality and on parental involvement among low-income families. She [holds a Ph.D. in](holds a Ph.D. in) sociology from Temple University.  \nRobert Kim, Esq., is Executive Director of Education Law Center. He is a leading expert in education law and policy in the United States. Bob has written extensively on a wide range of legal and policy issues impacting public education, including as a regular columnist in Phi Delta Kappan. He is also the author of two graduate-level textbooks on education and the law and a book for K-12 teachers on U.S. Supreme Court cases impacting public education. He received his B.A. from Williams College and his J.D. from Boston College Law School.  \nAbout Education Law Center  \nEducation Law Center pursues justice and equity for public school students by enforcing their right to a high-quality education in safe, equitable, non-discriminatory, integrated, and well-funded learning environments. We seek to support and improve public schools as the center of communities and the foundation of a multicultural and multiracial democratic society. We strive to secure and protect the rights of students who are underserved, experience inadequate learning opportunities, or face discrimination based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, language, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, immigrant or migrant status, or disability. To achieve these goals, we engage in litigation, research and data analysis, policy advocacy, communications, and strategic partnerships and collaborations.  \nAbout ELC’s Fair School Funding Research  \nELC conducts and publishes research to advance policy and advocacy for fair school funding in the states with support from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation and ETS. Visit ELC’s Making the Grade website to access:  \n• an online, interactive version of this report  \n• downloadable state profiles  \n• a deeper dive into the methodology behind the rankings and numbers in this report  \nThis research was supported by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation.  \nTable of Contents  \n\n| Introduction | 03 |\n| --- | --- |\n| How Fair Is School Funding in Your State? | 04 |\n| What Is Fair School Funding? | 05 |\n| Why the States? | 05 |\n| Why Does Fair School Funding Matter? | 05 |\n| Methodology | 06 |\n| The Fairness Measures | 07 |\n| Funding Level | 07 |\n| Funding Distribution | 15 |\n| Funding Effort | 22 |\n| Putting It All Together | 26 |\n\nConclusion 30  \nTable of Figures  \nFigure 1a. Funding Level 08  \nFigure 1b. Regional Funding Disparities 09  \nFigure 1c. Change in Per-Pupil Funding Level (not inflation adjusted), 2020 to 2021 10  \nFigure 1d. Change in Enrollment and State & Local Revenue, 2020 to 2021 12  \nFigure 1e. Change in Inflation-Adjusted Per-Pupil Funding Level, 2020 to 2021 13  \nFigure 1f. Change in Funding Level Rank, 2020 to 2021 14  \n\n| Figure 2a. Funding Distribution 16\u003Cbr>Figure 2b. Change in Funding Distribution Ratio, 2020 to 2021 18\u003Cbr>Figure 2c. Change in Average Funding Levels in High-and Low-Poverty Districts, 2020-2021 19\u003Cbr>Figure 2d. Fairness Profiles 20\u003Cbr>Figure 2e. Digging Deeper: Georgia 21 |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| Figure 3a. Funding Effort | 23 |\n| Figure 3b. Change in Effort Index, 2020 to 2021 | 24 |\n\nTable 1. Making the Grade 2023 26  \nFigure 4a. Poorly Funded, Inequitable, Low Effort 27  \nFigure 4b. Above Average Funding, Inequitable 27  \nFigure 4c. Below Average Funding, Progressive, High Effort 27  \nFigure 4d. Below Average Funding, Progressive, Low Effort 28  \nFigure 4e. Well-above Ave","cbCaioKb1mbEHbOm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioKb1mbEHbOm","pdf",9028853,34,"English","# Introduction\n## About ELC’s Fair School Funding Research\n## Table of Contents\n# Methodology\n## The Fairness Measures\n## Funding Level\n## Funding Distribution\n## Funding Effort\n# Putting It All Together\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What time period does the report cover and why is it important?\",\"answer\":\"The report presents school funding from 2020 to 2021, the first full school year of the Covid-19 pandemic. It evaluates how funding conditions and economic uncertainty affected states’ school finance decisions during that period.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report assess whether school funding is fair?\",\"answer\":\"It examines multiple fairness measures, including funding level, funding distribution to high-poverty districts, and each state’s fiscal effort to adequately fund schools.\"},{\"question\":\"What funding trends does the report highlight during 2020–2021?\",\"answer\":\"The report highlights ongoing disparities in per-pupil funding, insufficient progressive distribution in many states, and reduced fiscal effort in nearly every state—along with declines in education revenue in multiple states as schools faced unprecedented challenges.\"}]","Making the Grade - 2023 - Education Law Center Report | PDF",1792049160,86]