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Using a retrospective cohort from 113,196 UK Biobank participants, the study estimated cause-specific mortality and hospitalization risks tied to lifetime MDD history while addressing reverse causality and residual confounding. Results showed markedly increased suicide mortality and suicide-attempt hospitalization, with sex-specific patterns and some physical-health associations.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/major-depressive-disorder-mdd-and-the-risks-of-mortality-and-hospitalization-in-the-uk-biobank/354014/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/major-depressive-disorder-mdd-and-the-risks-of-mortality-and-hospitalization-in-the-uk-biobank/354014.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Riley West","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the study’s main aim regarding MDD, mortality, and hospitalization?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To quantify cause-specific mortality and hospitalization risks associated with a lifetime history of MDD while accounting for potential reverse causality and residual confounding.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which outcomes were assessed in relation to MDD in the UK Biobank cohort?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Cause-specific mortality and hospitalization due to suicide, cerebrovascular and cardiac disease, respiratory diseases, and cancer.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the key findings about suicide-related outcomes for participants with MDD?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"MDD was associated with significantly increased suicide mortality and higher hospitalization risk following suicide attempts, with stronger effects reported for women and men respectively.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},354014,1790891041,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1099523885074,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Amarasekera et al. BMC Psychiatry (2026) 26:302 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-026-07939-9](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-026-07939-9)  \nBMC Psychiatry  \nRESEARCH Open Access  \nMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and the risks of mortality and hospitalization in the UK Biobank  \nSonali Amarasekera1,2*, Eo Rin Cho2, Patrick Brown2,3, Susan J. Bondy 1, L. Trevor Young4 and Prabhat Jha1,2  \nAbstract  \nBackground MDD is a leading cause of disability worldwide, yet its associations with mortality and hospitalization remain unclear. We aimed to quantify the risks of cause-specific mortality and hospitalization associated with a lifetime history of MDD, while accounting for potential reverse causality and residual confounding.  \nMethods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from 113,196 UK Biobank participants (62,822 women and 50,374 men), aged 40–69 years at recruitment, who were assessed between 2008 and 2010. Participants with pre-existing physical health conditions or mental or behavioural disorders other than MDD were excluded. Cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models estimated associations between MDD and mortality and hospitalization due to suicide, cerebrovascular and cardiac disease, respiratory diseases, and cancer. Models were sequentially adjusted for age, behavioural (smoking behaviour, alcohol use, body mass index, level of physical activity) and social (family status, education level, socioeconomic status, family history of MDD) factors. We focused on reductions in the log of the hazard ratios to assess potential residual confounding.  \nResults MDD was associated with significantly increased risks of suicide mortality (HR = 8 . 52, 95% CI 3.31–21.94 in women; 3 . 56, 1.86–6.84 in men) and hospitalization from suicide attempts (HR = 1 . 94, 95% CI 1.45–2.61 in women; 3. 20, 2.19–4.68 in men) . In women, MDD also conferred increased risks of cerebrovascular mortality (HR = 1 . 92, 95% CI 1.25–2. 94) and hospitalization (HR = 1 . 30, 95% CI 1.13–1. 50) . In contrast, no significant associations were observed between MDD and cerebrovascular outcomes in men. There were sex-specific differences in the associations between MDD and select cancers, notably breast, stomach, and leukemia. Associations with cardiac disease mortality were not significant after full covariate adjustment.  \nConclusions Participants with MDD had elevated risks of mortality and hospitalization due to suicide and certain physical health conditions, with more prominent effects observed in women. These associations remained after adjusting for confounders, highlighting the independent and sex-specific effects of MDD on both psychiatric and physical health. Further investigation into the mechanisms driving these associations is warranted.  \nClinical trial number Not applicable.  \nKeywords MDD, Hospitalization, Mortality, Survival analysis  \n*Correspondence:  \nSonali Amarasekera [sonali.amarasekera@utoronto.ca](sonali.amarasekera@utoronto.ca)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the c","cbCaicKj8R6NsLJj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicKj8R6NsLJj","pdf",1402870,11,"English","# Abstract\n# Background\n# Methods\n## Study design and population\n## Statistical approach and covariate adjustment\n# Results\n# Conclusions\n# Introduction\n## Prevalence and sex differences\n## Long-term consequences and bidirectional relationships\n## Confounding factors and need for prospective evidence","[{\"question\":\"What was the study’s main aim regarding MDD, mortality, and hospitalization?\",\"answer\":\"To quantify cause-specific mortality and hospitalization risks associated with a lifetime history of MDD while accounting for potential reverse causality and residual confounding.\"},{\"question\":\"Which outcomes were assessed in relation to MDD in the UK Biobank cohort?\",\"answer\":\"Cause-specific mortality and hospitalization due to suicide, cerebrovascular and cardiac disease, respiratory diseases, and cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key findings about suicide-related outcomes for participants with MDD?\",\"answer\":\"MDD was associated with significantly increased suicide mortality and higher hospitalization risk following suicide attempts, with stronger effects reported for women and men respectively.\"}]","Major depressive disorder (MDD) and the risks of mortality and hospitalization in the UK Biobank | PDF",1790108474,28]