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Chronic liver diseases with diverse etiologies, including viral hepatitis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, biliary tract disease, autoimmune hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, show numerical and functional remodeling of MAIT cell populations. This review integrates MAIT markers and functions across conditions, highlights similarities and differences, and proposes a spatially anchored conceptual and technical framework to study MAIT cell biology in liver disease.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mait-cells-in-liver-disease-review/465414/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/mait-cells-in-liver-disease-review/465414.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jake","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What roles do MAIT cells play in the liver?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"MAIT cells provide antimicrobial defense, amplify inflammatory processes, and mediate tissue repair and fibrosis, depending on microenvironmental cues.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do chronic liver diseases affect MAIT cells?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Chronic liver diseases of multiple causes are accompanied by numerical and functional adjustments in the MAIT cell population.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What approach does the review propose for studying MAIT cell biology?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It proposes a spatially anchored conceptual and technical framework to study MAIT cell biology in liver disease.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},465414,1790812110,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962084928904,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Review  \nMAIT Cells in Liver Disease  \nAdiba I. Azad *, Florencia Gutierrez  and Gregory J. Gores *  \nAcademic Editors: Ethan Shevach and Akshat Sharma  \nReceived: 30 November 2025  \nRevised: 23 December 2025  \nAccepted: 25 December 2025  \nPublished: 31 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \nDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; [gutierrez.florencia@mayo.edu](gutierrez.florencia@mayo.edu)  \n* Correspondence: [azad.adiba@mayo.edu](azad.adiba@mayo.edu) (A.I.A.); [gores.gregory@mayo.edu](gores.gregory@mayo.edu) (G.J.G.)  \nAbstract  \nMucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant innate-like T lymphocytes in the human liver which can provide antimicrobial defense, amplify inflammatory processes and mediate tissue repair and fibrosis depending on microenvironmental cues. Chronic liver diseases of diverse etiologies, including viral hepatitis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, biliary tract disease, autoimmune hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma are accompanied by numerical and functional adjustments in the MAIT cell population. In this review, we integrate existing data on MAIT cell markers and functions in diverse liver diseases, comparing how these cells are similarly or differentially shaped by distinct pathogenic contexts. Finally, we propose a spatially anchored conceptual and technical framework to study MAIT cell biology in liver disease.  \nKeywords: mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells; chronic liver disease; unconventional T cells; liver fibrosis; viral hepatitis; primary sclerosing cholangitis; metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatotic liver disease; alcohol-associated liver disease; liver fibrosis  \n1. Introduction  \nThere are two epithelial cell populations in the liver, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Hepatocytes receive blood flow directly from the portal circulation and can be considered a functional mucosa because of the unique composition of portal vein blood rich in nutritive and non-nutritive derivatives from the diet and microbes. The biliary tree is a branching network that begins as bile canaliculi between hepatocytes, which then coalesce to form progressively larger intrahepatic bile ducts that ultimately form extrahepatic bile ducts to drain bile from the liver into the gut. The surface of these bile ducts is lined by cholangiocytes which directly interact with and modify bile and therefore, represent a true mucosal surface. These features create a barrier-adjacent immune niche that must reconcile tolerance to routine intestinal and bile cargo with readiness to respond to infection or injury. In this context, the liver is strikingly enriched for innate-like lymphocytes, most notably mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which preferentially occupy sinusoidal (a vascular structure lined by fenestrated endothelial cells receiving portal blood) and peribiliary spaces (space adjacent to the cholangiocytes); display tissue-resident traits; and integrate microbial ligands with inflammatory cytokine cues. Indeed, a landmark study coined the term “mucosal-associated invariant T cells” after identifying this lineage in the intestinal mucosa and identifying MR1 as their antigen presenting molecule which is ubiquitously expressed [1] . MAIT cells belong to a population of “unconventional” T cells which also include gamma delta (gd) T cells and invariant natural killer (iNKT) cells.  \nTogether, the unconventional T cells break the mold of the classic adaptive paradigm where T lymphocytes recognize peptide antigens bound to polymorphic classical MHC molecules and, upon encounter, undergo antigen-specific clonal expansion and differentiation supported by an extraordinarily diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire ","cbCaig0uRtU2gAN2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaig0uRtU2gAN2","pdf",2234868,17,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What roles do MAIT cells play in the liver?\",\"answer\":\"MAIT cells provide antimicrobial defense, amplify inflammatory processes, and mediate tissue repair and fibrosis, depending on microenvironmental cues.\"},{\"question\":\"How do chronic liver diseases affect MAIT cells?\",\"answer\":\"Chronic liver diseases of multiple causes are accompanied by numerical and functional adjustments in the MAIT cell population.\"},{\"question\":\"What approach does the review propose for studying MAIT cell biology?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes a spatially anchored conceptual and technical framework to study MAIT cell biology in liver disease.\"}]","MAIT Cells in Liver Disease - review | PDF",1790769598,43]