[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40798-en":3,"doc-seo-40798-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":82},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40798,1374391974468,"Eden","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",2,"Literature","Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason","An introduction to Michel Foucault’s Madness and Civilization frames madness as a historically produced, complex social phenomenon rather than a fixed medical category. The author’s method reconstructs mental illness, folly, and unreason from original documents, resisting present-day psychiatric simplifications and binary judgments. Through shifting periods—Middle Ages, Renaissance, French Revolution, and modern approaches—the text links attitudes toward madness to changing social, legal, political, and religious practices, including stigma, segregation, and confinement.","Michel Foucault  \nMadness and Civilization  \nA History of Insanity in the Age of Reason  \nINTRODUCTION  \nmichel foucault has achieved something truly creative in this book on the history of madness during the so-called classical age: the end of the sixteenth and the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . Rather than to review histori-cally the concept of madness, the author has chosen to re-create, mostly from original documents, mental illness, folly, and unreason as they must have existed in their time, place, and proper social perspective . In a sense, he has tried to re-create the negative part of the concept, that which has disappeared under the retroactive influence of present-day ideas and the passage of time . Too many historical books about psychic disorders look at the past in the light of the present; they single out only what has positive and direct relevance to present-day psychiatry. This book be-longs to the few which demonstrate how skillful, sensitive scholarship uses history to enrich, deepen, and reveal new avenues for thought and investigation .  \nNo oversimplifications, no black-and-white statements, no sweeping generalizations are ever allowed in this book; folly is brought back to life as a complex social phenome-non, part and parcel of the human condition. Most of the time, for the sake of clarity, we examine madness through one of its facets; as M. Foucault animates one facet of the problem after the other, he always keeps them related to each other. The end of the Middle Ages emphasized the comic, but just as often the tragic aspect of madness, as in Tristan and Iseult, for example. The Renaissance, with  \n(v)  \nErasmus's Praise of Folly, demonstrated how fascinating imagination and some of its vagaries were to the thinkers of that day. The French Revolution, Pinel, and Tukeempha-sized political, legal, medical, or religious aspects of mad-ness; and today, our so-called objective medical approach, in spite of the benefits that it has brought to the mentally ill, continues to look at only one side of the picture. Folly is so human that it has common roots with poetry and trag-edy; it is revealed as much in the insane asylum as in the writings of a Cervantes or a Shakespeare, or in the deep psychological insightsand cries of revolt of a Nietzsche. Correctly or incorrectly, the author feels that Freud's death instinct also stems from the tragic elements which led men of all epochs to worship, laugh at, and dread folly simultaneously. Fascinating as Renaissance men found it-they painted it, praised it, sang about it-it also heralded for them death of the body by picturing death of the mind.  \nNothing is more illuminating than to follow with M. Foucault the many threads which are woven in this com-plex book, whether it speaks of changing symptoms, com-mitment procedures, or treatment. For example: he sees a definite connection between some of  \nthe attitudes toward madness and the disappearance, between 1200 and 1400, of leprosy. In the middle of the twelfth century, France had more than 2,000 leprosariums, and England and Scot-land 220 for a population of a million and a half people. As leprosy vanished, in part because of segregation, a void was created and the moral values attached to the leper had to find another scapegoat. Mental illness and un-reason attracted that stigma to themselves, but even this was neither complete, simple, nor immediate.  \nRenaissance men developed a delightful, yet horrible way of dealing with their mad denizens: they were put on a ship and entrusted to mariners because folly, water, and sea, as everyone then \"knew,\" had an affinity for each  \n(vi)  \nother. Thus, \"Ships of Fools\" crisscrossed the seas and canals of Europe with their comic and pathetic cargo of souls. Some of them found pleasure and even a cure in the changing surroundings, in the isolation of being cast off, while others withdrew further, became worse, or died alone and away from their families . The cities a","cbCaiuAtez04QJd0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuAtez04QJd0","pdf",788634,4,1,159,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Method and aims of the book\n## Madness across historical periods","[{\"question\":\"What historical examples are used to explain changing attitudes toward the insane?\",\"answer\":\"The introduction traces links between the disappearance of leprosy and new forms of stigma, and describes practices such as sending “Ships of Fools” to sea and later imprisoning indigents alongside criminals and requiring work.\"}]",1783315145,245,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":77,"head_meta":79,"extra_data":81,"updated_unix":28},"madness-and-civilization-a-history-of-insanity-in-the-age-of-reason","",{"@graph":36,"@context":76},[37,52,67],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/madness-and-civilization-a-history-of-insanity-in-the-age-of-reason/40798/",{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":53,"author":54,"headline":13,"publisher":56,"fileFormat":59,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":60,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":59,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":55},"Person",{"url":41,"name":57,"@type":58},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What historical examples are used to explain changing attitudes toward the insane?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"The introduction traces links between the disappearance of leprosy and new forms of stigma, and describes practices such as sending “Ships of Fools” to sea and later imprisoning indigents alongside criminals and requiring work.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":78,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":57,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":80,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":83},[84,88,91,95,100,105,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":130},19,"General","general"]