[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-116826-en":3,"doc-seo-116826-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},116826,1099513958607,"Jiven","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399",8,"Research & Report","Machine learning political orders - Forum article","A significant set of epistemic and political transformations are reshaping governance as states and societies come to understand themselves through deep neural network paradigms. A machine learning political order not only alters political technologies but reorganizes what counts as the political. By reducing politics to model outputs, algorithmic systems foreclose alternative claims and projects while actively learning from community fracturing and the destabilization of democratic rights, across cases from electoral campaigns to immigration and welfare systems and COVID-19.","[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210522000031](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210522000031) Published online by Cambridge University Press  \nReview of International Studies (2023), 49: 1, 20–36  \ndoi:10.1017/S0260210522000031  \nFORUM ARTICLE  \nMachine learning political orders Louise Amoore*   \nDepartment of Geography, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom  \n*Corresponding author. Email: [Louise.amoore@durham.ac.uk](Louise.amoore@durham.ac.uk)  \n(Received 6 May 2021; revised 22 October 2021; accepted 17 December 2021; first published online 15 February 2022)  \nAbstract  \nA significant set of epistemic and political transformations are taking place as states and societies begin to understand themselves and their problems through the paradigm of deep neural network algorithms. A machine learning political order does not merely change the political technologies of governance, but is itself a reordering of politics, of what the political can be. When algorithmic systems reduce the pluridimensionality of politics to the output of a model, they simultaneously foreclose the potential for other political claims to be made and alternative political projects to be built. More than this foreclosure, a machine learning political order actively profits and learns from the fracturing of communities and the destabilising of democratic rights. The transformation from rules-based algorithms to deep learning models has paralleled the undoing of rules-based social and international orders – from the use of machine learning in the campaigns ofthe UK EU referendum, to the trialling of algorithmic immigration and welfare systems, and the use of deep learning in the COVID-19 pandemic – with political problems becoming reconfigured as machine learning problems. Machine learning political orders decouple their attributes, features and clusters from underlying social values, no longer tethered to notions of good governance or a good society, but searching instead for the optimal function of abstract representations of data.  \nKeywords: Politics; Machine Learning; Algorithm; International Order; Rules  \nIntroduction: ‘We need to learn the features’  \nDuring the political campaigns for the US presidential election and the UK referendum on EU membership in 2016, a set of machine learning algorithms were set to work in clustering the features of voter publics. Deep neural networks extracted the features from voters’ data, generating the clusters and patterns that came to constitute and to represent social groups in such a way that they could be microtargeted for political advertising and social media.1 ‘By profiling every citizen in a country, imputing their personalities and unique behaviours’, writes the former Cambridge Analytica head of research Christopher Wylie, and ‘placing those profiles in a simulation of that society’, the algorithmic model would ‘build the first prototype of the artificial society’.2 In fact,  \n1A ‘feature’ in computer science is more than simply a characteristic or a property, and though it is often used interchangeably with ‘variable’ it is distinct because it could not be understood in the linear terms of independent or dependent variables. The features of machine learning are more malleable and adjustable than variables and, significantly, they are not defined in advance of the operation. ‘Deep learning takes a different approach to feature design’, explains Kelleher, ‘by attempting to automatically learn the features that are most useful for the task from the raw data’. John D. Kelleher, Deep Learning (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019), p. 32. The different approach to features matters for social science because positivist models have imagined categories of race, class, gender, for example, as though they were measurable variables within a dataset. With machine learning, the features are derived from the representations learned from the dataset.  \n2Christopher Wylie, Mindf*ck: Inside Cambridge Analytica ’s Plot to Break the Wo","cbCaig9Q51Q75o3T","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaig9Q51Q75o3T","pdf",188083,1,17,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction: ‘We need to learn the features’\n## 2016 election and referendum microtargeting\n## Features, representation, and derived categories","[{\"question\":\"What does the article mean by a “machine learning political order”?\",\"answer\":\"It describes more than a change in governance tools: deep learning reorganizes what the political can be. Model outputs reorder political priorities and constrain alternative political claims.\"},{\"question\":\"How do machine learning systems affect political possibilities?\",\"answer\":\"By reducing politics to the output of a model, they foreclose other claims and projects. The systems also profit from community fracturing and destabilizing democratic rights.\"},{\"question\":\"Which examples are used to illustrate machine learning’s political effects?\",\"answer\":\"The article links shifts in rules-based approaches to campaigns and interventions such as the UK EU referendum and U.S. election microtargeting, algorithmic immigration and welfare systems, and deep learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.\"}]","Machine learning political orders - Forum article | PDF",1785671970,43,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"machine-learning-political-orders-forum-article","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/machine-learning-political-orders-forum-article/116826/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-02",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What does the article mean by a “machine learning political order”?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It describes more than a change in governance tools: deep learning reorganizes what the political can be. Model outputs reorder political priorities and constrain alternative political claims.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How do machine learning systems affect political possibilities?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"By reducing politics to the output of a model, they foreclose other claims and projects. The systems also profit from community fracturing and destabilizing democratic rights.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Which examples are used to illustrate machine learning’s political effects?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The article links shifts in rules-based approaches to campaigns and interventions such as the UK EU referendum and U.S. election microtargeting, algorithmic immigration and welfare systems, and deep learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]