[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-125148-en":3,"doc-seo-125148-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},125148,7971461740909,"Levi","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","Machine Learning-Hail Awareness Spatial Analysis Toolkit (HASAT)","The National Airspace System relies on integrated air traffic control, navigation, and communication to support safe, efficient operations, yet severe weather—especially hail—remains a persistent flight-safety risk. The study applies Esri ArcGIS for geospatial analysis to quantify hail impacts across the NAS and introduces the Hail Awareness Spatial Analysis Toolkit (HASAT) to forecast severe hail events using machine learning. Results highlight hail-prone states including Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska, and show HASAT can deliver localized hail data to pilots to support route choices and hazard awareness. ","Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research  \nVolume 33  \nNumber 4 Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence in Article 4  \nAviation  \n2024  \nMachine Learning-Hail Awareness Spatial Analysis Toolkit (HASAT)  \nHaoruo Fu M.S.  \nPurdue University, [fu361@purdue.edu](fu361@purdue.edu)  \nJoseph P. Hupy Ph. D.  \nPurdue University, [jhupy@purdue.edu](jhupy@purdue.edu)  \nChien-tsung Lu Ph. D.  \nSouthern Illinois University Carbondale, [chientsung.lu@siu.edu](chientsung.lu@siu.edu)  \nZhenglei Ji M.S.  \nNew York University, [zj2399@nyu.edu](zj2399@nyu.edu)  \nFollow this and additional works at: [https://commons.erau.edu/jaaer](https://commons.erau.edu/jaaer)  \n Part of the Aviation Safety and Security Commons, Management and Operations Commons, and the Meteorology Commons  \nScholarly Commons Citation  \nFu, H., Hupy, J. P., Lu, C., & Ji, Z. (2024) . Machine Learning-Hail Awareness Spatial Analysis Toolkit (HASAT) . Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 33(4) . DOI: [https://doi.org/10.58940/](https://doi.org/10.58940/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.58940/)2329-258X.2041  \nThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please [contact](contact commons@erau.edu)[ commons@erau.edu](contact commons@erau.edu).  \nMachine Learning-Hail Awareness Spatial Analysis Toolkit (HASAT)  \nHaoruo Fu 1a, Joseph P. Hupy 1b, Chien-tsung Lu2c, Zhenglei Ji3d  \n1Purdue University, IN 47907 USA  \n2 Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, IL 62901 USA  \n3New York University, NY 10012 USA  \n[a](a fu361@purdue.edu)[ fu361@purdue.edu](a fu361@purdue.edu), [b](bjhupy@purdue.edu)[jhupy@purdue.edu](bjhupy@purdue.edu), [c](cctluiapctip@gmail.com)[ctluiapctip@gmail.com](cctluiapctip@gmail.com), [d](dzj2399@nyu.edu)[zj2399@nyu.edu](dzj2399@nyu.edu)  \nAbstract  \nThe National Airspace System (NAS) is a sophisticated network of air traffic control, navigation, and communication systems that play a critical role in ensuring the safe and efficient flow of air traffic across the United States. However, the occurrence of severe weather conditions, particularly hailstorms, poses a significant threat to flight safety within the NAS. To mitigate the risks associated with hail, aviation organizations have implemented a range of safety measures. This study utilized Esri’s ArcGIS as a mapping software to conduct a geospatial analysis of the impact of severe weather, particularly hail, on the NAS. The Hail Awareness Spatial Analysis Toolkit (HASAT), developed as part of this research, leveraged Machine Learning (ML) as a forecasting method to predict the occurrence of severe hail events. The results of the analysis revealed that states such as Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska emerged as the epicenter of these hailstorms. The Hail Awareness Spatial Analysis Toolkit (HASAT) possessed an additional capability to provide localized hail data to pilots, empowering aviation operators with critical information for flight safety. By incorporating this tool into existing systems, pilots can access real-time, location-specific hail data, enabling them to make informed choices regarding flight routes and potential hazards associated with hailstorms.  \nKeywords: Hail Forecast, Severe Weather, Airport Safety, Machine Learning, ArcGIS, Neural Network  \nIntroduction  \nThe National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has consistently found human errors to be the main cause of accidents, with weather-related factors accounting for about 23% of incidents (Kulesa, 2010) . Prior to September 11, 2001, weather issues caused around 70% of delaysin the National Air Space (NAS) . While advanced weather forecast systems have improved decision-making, over 45.8% of NAS delays are still weather-related (Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2022) . Severe weather events like high winds, floo","cbCaijsv2FKkeJCE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijsv2FKkeJCE","pdf",4136300,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Weather-related aviation safety challenges\n## Operational preparedness and monitoring\n# Literature Review\n## The Impact of Hail\n## Weather effects on aviation operations\n# Methodology\n## Geospatial analysis with ArcGIS\n## HASAT and machine learning forecasting\n# Results and Discussion\n## Hail epicenters and risk areas\n## Localized hail information for pilots","[{\"question\":\"What problem does HASAT address in aviation operations?\",\"answer\":\"HASAT targets flight safety risks caused by severe weather, particularly hail, by predicting and communicating likely hail occurrences within the National Airspace System.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study use ArcGIS in its analysis?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses Esri ArcGIS to perform geospatial analysis of how severe weather impacts the NAS, enabling visualization and assessment of hail effects.\"},{\"question\":\"Which regions are identified as hailstorm epicenters?\",\"answer\":\"The results point to Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska as key epicenter regions for hailstorms.\"}]","Machine Learning-Hail Awareness Spatial Analysis Toolkit (HASAT) | PDF",1785896979,28,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"machine-learning-hail-awareness-spatial-analysis-toolkit-hasat","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/machine-learning-hail-awareness-spatial-analysis-toolkit-hasat/125148/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What problem does HASAT address in aviation operations?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"HASAT targets flight safety risks caused by severe weather, particularly hail, by predicting and communicating likely hail occurrences within the National Airspace System.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the study use ArcGIS in its analysis?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The study uses Esri ArcGIS to perform geospatial analysis of how severe weather impacts the NAS, enabling visualization and assessment of hail effects.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Which regions are identified as hailstorm epicenters?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The results point to Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska as key epicenter regions for hailstorms.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]