[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-119718-en":3,"doc-seo-119718-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},119718,1099513958762,"Logic","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253",7,"Healthcare","Machine learning for non-invasive sensing of hypoglycemia while driving in people with diabetes","Hypoglycemia is a dangerous acute complication of diabetes and increases the risk of driving mishaps, while existing detection methods are constrained by invasiveness, cost, and technical limitations. The study develops and evaluates a noninvasive machine learning approach that detects hypoglycemia using combined Controller Area Network (CAN) and eye tracking (ET) data. Two interventional simulator studies in type 1 diabetes examine pronounced and mild hypoglycemia for early warning potential.","Maritsch Martin (Orcid ID: 0000-0001-9920-0587) Stettler Christoph (Orcid ID: 0000-0003-1691-6059)  \nsource: [https://doi.org/10 48350/178864 | downloaded: 4.6.2024](https://doi.org/10 48350/178864 | downloaded: 4.6.2024)  \nMachine learning for non-invasive sensing of hypoglycemia while driving  \nin people with diabetes  \nRunning title: Hypoglycemia detection during driving  \nAuthors and affiliations: Vera Lehmann 1* MD, Thomas Zueger1,2* MD, Martin Maritsch2* MSc, Mathias Kraus2,3* PhD, Caroline Albrecht 1 , Caterina Bérubé2 MSc, Stefan Feuerriegel4 PhD, Felix Wortmann5 PhD, Tobias Kowatsch2,6,7 PhD, Naïma Styger1 , Sophie Lagger1 MSc, Markus Laimer1 MD, Elgar Fleisch2,5\\# PhD, Christoph Stettler1\\# MD  \n1 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland  \n2 Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland  \n3 School of Business, Economics and Society, Friedrich-Alexander University ErlangenNürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany  \n4 Institute of AI in Management, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany  \n5 Institute of Technology Management, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland  \n6 Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland  \n7 School of Medicine, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland  \n* equal first authorship; \\# equal last authorship.  \nCorresponding author: Prof Christoph Stettler, MD,  \nE-Mail: christoph.stettler@insel.ch, Phone: +41 31 632 40 70  \nWord count: Abstract: 222 , Manuscript: 3500 ; Display items: 3 Figures, 2 Tables;  \nReferences: 37  \nThis article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/dom.15021  \nThis article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.  \n14631326, ja, Downloaded from [https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dom.15021 by Universit](https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dom.15021 by Universit)ät Bern, Wiley Online Library on [16/02/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions ([https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License  \nAbstract  \nAims: Hypoglycemia is one of the most dangerous acute complications of diabetes mellitus and is associated with an increased risk of driving mishaps. Current  \napproaches to detect hypoglycemia are limited by invasiveness, availability, costs, and technical restrictions. In this work, we developed and evaluated the concept of a noninvasive machine learning (ML) approach detecting hypoglycemia based exclusively on combined driving (CAN) and eye tracking (ET) data.  \nMaterials and Methods: We first developed and tested our ML approach in pronounced hypoglycemia, and, then, we applied it to mild hypoglycemia to evaluate its early warning potential. For this, we conducted two consecutive, interventional studies in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In study 1 (n=18), we collected CAN and ET data in a driving simulator during eu- and pronounced hypoglycemia (blood glucose [BG] 2.0 – 2.5 mmol L-1) . In study 2 (n=9), we collected CAN and ET data in the same simulator but in eu-and mild hypoglycemia (BG 3.0 – 3.5 mmol L-1) .  \nResults: Here, we show that our ML approach detects pronounced and mild hypoglycemia with high accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [AUROC] 0.88±0 .10 and 0.83±0 . 11, respectively) .  \nConclusions: Our findings suggest that an ML approach based on CAN and ET data, exclusively, allows for detection of hypoglycemia while driving. This provides a promising concept for alternative and non-invasiv","cbCaimmudbbu9SYR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimmudbbu9SYR","pdf",5421325,1,30,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n## Aims\n## Materials and Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why is hypoglycemia detection while driving important for people with diabetes?\",\"answer\":\"Hypoglycemia can impair cognitive, executive, and psychomotor functions, interfering with everyday activities such as driving. It is linked to a substantial and increasing number of driving accidents.\"},{\"question\":\"What non-invasive data sources does the proposed machine learning approach use?\",\"answer\":\"The approach detects hypoglycemia exclusively from combined driving data (CAN) and eye tracking (ET) data.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the machine learning models evaluated in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The work used two consecutive interventional driving-simulator studies in individuals with type 1 diabetes, comparing pronounced hypoglycemia and mild hypoglycemia and assessing performance using AUROC.\"}]","Machine learning for non-invasive sensing of hypoglycemia while driving in people with diabetes | PDF",1785725945,76,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"machine-learning-for-non-invasive-sensing-of-hypoglycemia-while-driving-in-people-with-diabetes","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/machine-learning-for-non-invasive-sensing-of-hypoglycemia-while-driving-in-people-with-diabetes/119718/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why is hypoglycemia detection while driving important for people with diabetes?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Hypoglycemia can impair cognitive, executive, and psychomotor functions, interfering with everyday activities such as driving. It is linked to a substantial and increasing number of driving accidents.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What non-invasive data sources does the proposed machine learning approach use?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The approach detects hypoglycemia exclusively from combined driving data (CAN) and eye tracking (ET) data.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How were the machine learning models evaluated in the study?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The work used two consecutive interventional driving-simulator studies in individuals with type 1 diabetes, comparing pronounced hypoglycemia and mild hypoglycemia and assessing performance using AUROC.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,118,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":121},8,"Research & Report","research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]