[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-125527-en":3,"doc-seo-125527-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},125527,1099513958607,"Jiven","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399",6,"Technology","Machine Learning Featurizations for AI Hacking of Political Systems","Machine learning approaches are applied to the concept of AI hacking against political systems, extending the argument that future AIs could discover and exploit vulnerabilities in socio-technical structures faster than humans can respond. The work proposes “featurization” frameworks by building graph and sequence data representations to enable deep learning models for predicting political attributes and outcomes. It surveys candidate data models, datasets, predictive tasks, and actionable applications, then evaluates practical impact, feasibility, and ethical implications.","View metadata, citation and similar [papers at ](papers at core.ac.uk)[core.ac.uk](papers at core.ac.uk) brought to you by CORE  \n[provided by](provided by arXiv.org)[ arXiv.org](provided by arXiv.org) e-Print Archive  \narXiv :2110 .0923 1v 1 [ cs .CY] 8 Oct 2021  \nMachine Learning Featurizations for AI Hacking of Political Systems  \nNATHAN E. SANDERS∗ , Berkman Klein Center, Harvard University, USA BRUCE SCHNEIER†, Council for the Responsible Use of AI, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, USA  \nWhat would the inputs be to a machine whose output is the destabilization of a robust democracy, or whose emanations could disrupt the political power of nations? In the recent essay “The Coming AI Hackers,” Schneier (2021) proposed a future application of artificial intelligences to discover, manipulate, and exploit vulnerabilities of social, economic, and political systems at speeds far greater than humans’ ability to recognize and respond to such threats. This work advances the concept by applying to it theory from machine learning, hypothesizing some possible “featurization”(input specification and transformation) frameworks for AI hacking. Focusing on the political domain, we develop graph and sequence data representations that would enable the application of a range of deep learning models to predict attributes and outcomes of political systems. We explore possible data models, datasets, predictive tasks, and actionable applications associated with each framework. We speculate about the likely practical impact and feasibility of such models, and conclude by discussing their ethical implications.  \n1 INTRODUCTION  \n1.1 Summary of AI Hacking  \nIn “The Coming AI Hackers,” Schneier [2021] defines hacking as an exploitation of a system that follows its rules, but subverts its intent. Despite the modern association of hacking with computer systems, this definition encompasses millennia of human activity:  \nAuthors’ addresses: Nathan E. Sanders, [nsanders@cyber.harvard.edu](nsanders@cyber.harvard.edu), Berkman Klein Center, Harvard University, 23 Everett St \\#2, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 02138; Bruce Schneier, Council for the Responsible Use of AI, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 02138 .  \n1  \n2 Sanders and Schneier  \nlooopholes in tax law, for example. He argues that the computerization of diverse fields, from finance to elections, increases the speed, scale, and scope of vulnerability to hacking. With respect to the hacking of computer systems, AI is making remarkable strides. Schneier cites several instances of specialized AI being developed and deployed to find vulnerabilities in computer code and systems automatically, enabling attackers to discover and exploit systems without human intervention [Schneier 2021, p. 21] . Schneier imaginesa similar AI turned to hacking social systems such as the tax code and financial regulations, or legislative and other political processes. After all, these, like so many other systems of modern human life, are increasingly “socio-technical systems involving computers and networks”; this leaves the social aspects of the system exposed to its technical components.  \nThe implications of this proposal are profound in that they provoke the thought of an unknowable future where machine-generated strategies can successfully dictate outcomes of democratic political processes, and may be controlled by malicious domestic or foreign actors. Analogizing by way of historical example, Schneier poses the question,“Could an AI independently discover gerrymandering?” How about the filibuster? His conclusion that “It’ll be a long time before AIs will be capable of modeling and simulating the ways that people work, individually and in groups, and before they are capable of coming up with novel ways to hack legislative processes“ raises questions: How would we get to that state? What","cbCaiqTLXlOoSRd5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqTLXlOoSRd5","pdf",465404,1,19,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Summary of AI Hacking\n## Overview of featurization","[{\"question\":\"What does the paper mean by “AI hacking” in a political context?\",\"answer\":\"It treats hacking as exploiting a system while following its rules but subverting intended outcomes. Applied to politics, the idea involves manipulating vulnerabilities in social, economic, or political processes faster than humans can respond.\"},{\"question\":\"What is “featurization” in this work?\",\"answer\":\"Featurization is the input specification and transformation that turns raw information into structured representations usable by machine learning models. The paper proposes frameworks tailored to political-domain data.\"},{\"question\":\"Which machine learning representations does the paper focus on for political systems?\",\"answer\":\"It develops graph and sequence data representations that support deep learning models to predict attributes and outcomes of political systems.\"}]","Machine Learning Featurizations for AI Hacking of Political Systems | PDF",1785899675,48,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"machine-learning-featurizations-for-ai-hacking-of-political-systems","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/machine-learning-featurizations-for-ai-hacking-of-political-systems/125527/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What does the paper mean by “AI hacking” in a political context?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It treats hacking as exploiting a system while following its rules but subverting intended outcomes. Applied to politics, the idea involves manipulating vulnerabilities in social, economic, or political processes faster than humans can respond.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What is “featurization” in this work?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Featurization is the input specification and transformation that turns raw information into structured representations usable by machine learning models. The paper proposes frameworks tailored to political-domain data.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Which machine learning representations does the paper focus on for political systems?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"It develops graph and sequence data representations that support deep learning models to predict attributes and outcomes of political systems.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,113,118,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},50,"technology",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},"General","general"]