[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-119182-en":3,"doc-seo-119182-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},119182,8796095461610,"Oliver","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","Machine Learning-Based Lithological Mapping from ASTER Remote-Sensing Imagery","Accurate lithological mapping underpins geological surveys and mineral-resource exploration, while satellite remote-sensing offers cost-effective, widely applicable information on mineralized alteration zones. This study maps lithologies and minerals indirectly using machine-learning models trained on ASTER advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer imagery. Random forest, support vector machine, gradient boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and a deep-learning artificial neural network are assessed on the Sar-Cheshmeh copper mining area in southern Iran. Models are run in scenarios with extracted spectral features and with feature extraction omitted; feature importance filtering is also applied in the extraction workflow.","minerals   \nArticle  \nMachine Learning-Based Lithological Mapping from ASTER Remote-Sensing Imagery  \nHazhir Bahrami 1, Pouya Esmaeili 2, Saeid Homayouni 1, Amin Beiranvand Pour 3, *, Karem Chokmani 1 and Abbas Bahroudi 2  \nCitation: Bahrami, H.; Esmaeili, P.; Homayouni, S.; Pour, A.B.; Chokmani, K.; Bahroudi, A. Machine Learning-Based Lithological Mapping from ASTER  \nRemote-Sensing Imagery. Minerals 2024, 14, 202. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/min14020202](10.3390/min14020202)  \nAcademic Editor: Huan Li  \nReceived: 21 December 2023  \nRevised: 11 February 2024  \nAccepted: 12 February 2024  \nPublished: 16 February 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Qu²bec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada; [hazhir.bahrami@inrs.ca](hazhir.bahrami@inrs.ca) (H.B.); [saeid.homayouni@inrs.ca](saeid.homayouni@inrs.ca) (S.H.); [karem.chokmani@inrs.ca](karem.chokmani@inrs.ca) (K.C.)  \n2 School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran; [poya.esmili@ut.ac.ir](poya.esmili@ut.ac.ir) (P.E.); [abbas.bahroudi@ut.ac.ir](abbas.bahroudi@ut.ac.ir) (A.B.)  \n3 Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICoE) in Marine Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia  \n* [Correspondence: beiranvand.pour@umt.edu.my](Correspondence: beiranvand.pour@umt.edu.my); Tel.: +60-9-6683824; Fax: +60-9-6692166  \nAbstract: Accurately mapping lithological features is essential for geological surveys and the exploration of mineral resources. Remote-sensing images have been widely used to extract information about mineralized alteration zones due to their cost-effectiveness and potential for being widely applied. Automated methods, such as machine-learning algorithms, for lithological mapping using satellite imagery have also received attention. This study aims to map lithologies and minerals indirectly through machine-learning algorithms using advanced spaceborne thermal emission andreflection radiometer (ASTER) remote-sensing data. The capabilities of several machine-learning (ML) algorithms were evaluated for lithological mapping, including random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), gradient boosting (GB), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and a deep-learning artificial neural network (ANN). These methods were applied toASTER imagery of the Sar-Cheshmeh copper mining region of Kerman Province, in southern Iran. First, several spectral features that were extracted from ASTER bands were used as input data. Second, correlation coefficients between the original spectral bands and features were extracted. The importance of the random forest features (RF's feature importance) was subsequently computed, and features with less importance were removed. Finally, the remained features were given to the models as input data in the second scenario. Accuracy assessments were performed for lithological classes in the study region, including Sar-Cheshmeh porphyry, quartz eye, late fine porphyry, hornblende dike, granodiorite, feldspar dike, biotite dike, andesite, and alluvium. The overall accuracy results of lithological mapping showed that ML-based algorithms without feature extraction have the highest accuracy. The overall accuracy percentages for ML-based algorithms without conducting feature extraction were 84%, 85%, 80%, 82%, and 80% for RF, SVM, GB, XGB, and ANN, respectively. The results of this study would be of great interest to geologists for lithological mapping and mineral exploration, particularly for selecting app","cbCaivGUcNAdPyxe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivGUcNAdPyxe","pdf",5400705,1,27,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Methodology\n## Machine-learning models\n## Feature extraction and feature importance filtering\n# Results and Accuracy Assessment\n## Lithological classes performance\n# Discussion and Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"Why is lithological mapping important in geological surveys?\",\"answer\":\"Lithological mapping supports bedrock surveys and mineral exploration by revealing the distribution and geological history of rock units and crust characteristics.\"},{\"question\":\"Which ASTER remote-sensing data and machine-learning methods are evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses ASTER thermal emission and reflection imagery and evaluates random forest, support vector machine, gradient boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and a deep-learning artificial neural network.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main finding about model accuracy with and without feature extraction?\",\"answer\":\"ML-based algorithms without feature extraction achieve the highest overall accuracy, outperforming approaches that rely on extracted spectral features and feature-importance filtering.\"}]","Machine Learning-Based Lithological Mapping from ASTER Remote-Sensing Imagery | PDF",1785722962,68,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"machine-learning-based-lithological-mapping-from-aster-remote-sensing-imagery","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/machine-learning-based-lithological-mapping-from-aster-remote-sensing-imagery/119182/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why is lithological mapping important in geological surveys?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Lithological mapping supports bedrock surveys and mineral exploration by revealing the distribution and geological history of rock units and crust characteristics.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Which ASTER remote-sensing data and machine-learning methods are evaluated?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The study uses ASTER thermal emission and reflection imagery and evaluates random forest, support vector machine, gradient boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and a deep-learning artificial neural network.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What is the main finding about model accuracy with and without feature extraction?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"ML-based algorithms without feature extraction achieve the highest overall accuracy, outperforming approaches that rely on extracted spectral features and feature-importance filtering.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]