[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-124783-en":3,"doc-seo-124783-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},124783,3848291630094,"Emma Wilson","https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45",8,"Research & Report","Machine learning-based decentralized TDMA for VLC IoT networks - Research study","A machine learning-based decentralized TDMA algorithm is proposed for visible light communication (VLC) Internet of Things (IoT) networks using Q-learning as the reinforcement learning method. The approach operates without a coordinator: nodes perform decentralized synchronization, and each node learns an optimal transmission time slot to send data without collisions. The algorithm is implemented on a VLC hardware system and evaluated with average reward, convergence time, goodput, average delay, and packet size. Results show fast convergence, collision-free operation, and up to 61% higher goodput and up to 49% lower delay versus CSMA/CA.","Machine learning-based decentralized TDMA for VLC  \nIoT networks  \nArmin Makvandi 1 and Yousef Seifi Kavian 1,*  \n1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Chamran University ofAhvaz, Iran  \n*[Corresponding author: y.s.kavian@scu.ac.ir](Corresponding author: y.s.kavian@scu.ac.ir)  \nAbstract—In this paper, a machine learning-based decentralized time division multiple access (TDMA) algorithm for visible light communication (VLC) Internet of Things (IoT) networks is proposed. The proposed algorithm is based on Q-learning, a reinforcement learning algorithm. This paper considers adecentralized condition in which there is no coordinator node for sending synchronization frames and assigning transmission time slots to other nodes. The proposed algorithm uses adecentralized manner for synchronization, and each node uses the Q-learning algorithm to find the optimal transmission timeslot for sending data without collisions. The proposed algorithm is implemented on a VLC hardware system, which had been designed and implemented in our laboratory. Average reward, convergence time, goodput, average delay, and data packet size are evaluated parameters. The results show that the proposed algorithm converges quickly and provides collision-free decentralized TDMA for the network. The proposed algorithm is compared with carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) algorithm as a potential selection for decentralized VLC IoT networks. The results show that the proposed algorithm provides up to 61% more goodput and up to 49% less average delay than CSMA/CA.  \nKeywords—Machine Learning, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Visible Light Communication (VLC), Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Networks.  \n1 INTRODUCTION  \nIn recent years, the use of wireless communication devices has increased significantly, causing the radio frequency (RF) spectrum tobe saturated in the future. Asa result, complementary technologies for this purpose are required. Visible light communication (VLC) has unique characteristics, which make it a good choice for wireless networks. This technology uses the light-emitting diode (LED), providing illumination and communication simultaneously. Freelicense wide bandwidth alongside a high data rate makes it a key technology for sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication [1]. Low power consumption and high security make it a good choice for Internet of Things (IoT) applications [2]. Some other applications of this technology include smart lighting [3], underwater communications [4], location-based services [5], and vehicular communications [6]. VLC is safe for human health and does not interfere with RF devices, making it a good choice for use insensitive environments such as hospitals [7]. However, weak nonline-of-sight (NLOS) communication and the short-distance range of VLC compared to RF limit the use of this technology for specific  \napplications. Therefore, VLC is an excellent complement to RF for 6G wireless communication and also can be used in hybrid RF-VLC networks [8].  \nRecently, several VLC hardware systems for IoT applications have been designed [9, 10]. Oneof the most critical aspects of anIoT system is the network performance, in which several IoT devices should share a channel and send their data to each other or gateway. If multiple devices send data to one device atthe same time, the data collision will occur, degrading the performance of the network. Multiple access protocols are responsible for controlling the access of multiple users to the channel. Depending on the wireless network characteristics and desired scenarios, different types of multiple access algorithms can be used. Different multiple access algorithms have been proposed for VLC networks, but most have limitations in IoT applications. In [11], an algorithm based on ALOHA was proposed for VLC networks. In this protocol, each device that has data for transmission immediately sends it. This algorit","cbCaivFsJ2Y2tSDQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivFsJ2Y2tSDQ","pdf",1068477,1,7,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Motivation for VLC in 6G and IoT\n## Multiple access protocols in VLC networks\n## Limitations of contention-based schemes (ALOHA, CSMA/CA)\n## Collision-free alternatives and ongoing challenges","[{\"question\":\"How does the proposed method achieve decentralized TDMA synchronization without a coordinator?\",\"answer\":\"The algorithm is designed for a decentralized condition where no coordinator sends synchronization frames; nodes perform synchronization in a decentralized manner before selecting time slots.\"},{\"question\":\"What learning mechanism selects transmission time slots to avoid collisions?\",\"answer\":\"Each node applies Q-learning to find an optimal transmission time slot for sending data while preventing collisions.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed algorithm compare with CSMA/CA in network performance?\",\"answer\":\"The results report up to 61% more goodput and up to 49% less average delay than CSMA/CA, while converging quickly to collision-free decentralized TDMA behavior.\"}]","Machine learning-based decentralized TDMA for VLC IoT networks - Research study | PDF",1785894632,18,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"machine-learning-based-decentralized-tdma-for-vlc-iot-networks-research-study","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/machine-learning-based-decentralized-tdma-for-vlc-iot-networks-research-study/124783/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How does the proposed method achieve decentralized TDMA synchronization without a coordinator?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The algorithm is designed for a decentralized condition where no coordinator sends synchronization frames; nodes perform synchronization in a decentralized manner before selecting time slots.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What learning mechanism selects transmission time slots to avoid collisions?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Each node applies Q-learning to find an optimal transmission time slot for sending data while preventing collisions.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does the proposed algorithm compare with CSMA/CA in network performance?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The results report up to 61% more goodput and up to 49% less average delay than CSMA/CA, while converging quickly to collision-free decentralized TDMA behavior.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]