[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-122213-en":3,"doc-seo-122213-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},122213,13056703019404,"Miles","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","Machine-Learning-Based Activity Tracking for Individual Pig Monitoring in Experimental Facilities for Improved Animal Welfare in Research","Animal welfare in experimental research demands continuous, objective assessment to reduce time burden and observer subjectivity. This study develops and validates a video-based machine-learning pig tracking approach to analyze posture and activity levels of pigs housed in single-pig pens. A prototype uses a microcomputer and a ceiling-mounted camera with an Ultralytics YOLOv8n detection model, followed by Lucas–Kanade sparse optical flow for movement detection. The classifier distinguishes lying, standing, and walking and reports strong performance versus ground truth, supporting welfare-oriented monitoring.","University of Groningen  \nMachine-Learning-Based Activity Tracking for Individual Pig Monitoring in Experimental Facilities for Improved Animal Welfare in Research  \nDeutch, Frederik; Weiss, Marc Gjern; Wagner, Stefan Rahr; Hansen, Lars Schmidt; Larsen, Frederik; Figueiredo, Constanca; Moers, Cyril; Keller, Anna Krarup  \nPublished in: Sensors  \nDOI:  \n10.3390/s25030785  \nIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.  \nDocument Version  \nPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record  \nPublication date: 2025  \nLink to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database  \nCitation for published version (APA):  \nDeutch, F. , Weiss, M. G. , Wagner, S. R. , Hansen, L. S. , Larsen, F. , Figueiredo, C. , Moers, C. , & Keller, A.  \nK. (2025) . Machine-Learning-Based Activity Tracking for Individual Pig Monitoring in Experimental Facilities for Improved Animal Welfare in Research. Sensors, 25(3), Article 785. 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More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: [https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne](https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne)amendment.  \nTake-down policy  \nIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.  \nDownloaded from the University of Groningen/U MCG research database (Pure): [http://www.rug. nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the](http://www.rug. nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the)[ ](http://www.rug. nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the)[number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.](number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.)  \nDownload date: 03-08-2026  \nArticle  \nMachine-Learning-Based Activity Tracking for Individual Pig Monitoring in Experimental Facilities for Improved Animal Welfare in Research  \nFrederik Deutch 1,2, *, Marc Gjern Weiss 1, Stefan Rahr Wagner 3, *, Lars Schmidt Hansen 3, Frederik Larsen 3, Constanca Figueiredo 4, Cyril Moers 5 and Anna Krarup Keller 1,2  \nAcademic Editors: Sylvain Girard and Christoph M. Friedrich  \nReceived: 18 December 2024  \nRevised: 16 January 2025  \nAccepted: 25 January 2025  \nPublished: 28 January 2025  \nCitation: Deutch, F.; Weiss, M.G.; Wagner, S.R.; Hansen, L.S.; Larsen, F.; Figueiredo, C.; Moers, C.; Keller, A.K. Machine-Learning-Based Activity Tracking for Individual Pig Monitoring in Experimental Facilities for Improved Animal Welfare in Research. Sensors 2025, 25, 785 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030785](https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030785)  \n[Copyright:](Copyright:) © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark  \n2 Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark  \n3 Department of Electro-and Computer technology, Section for Biomedical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark  \n4 Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School,  \n30625 Hannover, Germany  \n5 Department of Surgery, Uni","cbCaik83vvVxIXma","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaik83vvVxIXma","pdf",5105769,1,22,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Animal welfare and current observation practice\n## Study aim and approach\n# Methods\n## Video capture in experimental facilities\n## Object detection with YOLOv8n\n## Movement detection with Lucas–Kanade optical flow\n# Results\n## Classification of postures and activities\n## Validation performance metrics\n# Conclusion\n## Implications for improving animal welfare","[{\"question\":\"Why is video-based machine learning used for pig monitoring in experimental research?\",\"answer\":\"Physical in-person observations are time-consuming and can be subjective. Video-based models provide continuous, objective monitoring for detecting animal misthriving.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed system track pig activity and posture?\",\"answer\":\"It uses a ceiling-mounted camera to record video, applies YOLOv8n for object detection, and then uses Lucas–Kanade sparse optical flow to detect movement and classify postures.\"},{\"question\":\"What outcomes does the model achieve during validation?\",\"answer\":\"The model classifies whether pigs are lying, standing, or walking, achieving about 90% accuracy with high precision and recall, and a correlation coefficient of 84.53% versus observed ground truth.\"}]","Machine-Learning-Based Activity Tracking for Individual Pig Monitoring in Experimental Facilities for Improved Animal Welfare in Research | PDF",1785809390,55,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"machine-learning-based-activity-tracking-for-individual-pig-monitoring-in-experimental-facilities-for-improved-animal-welfare-in-research","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/machine-learning-based-activity-tracking-for-individual-pig-monitoring-in-experimental-facilities-for-improved-animal-welfare-in-research/122213/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-04",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why is video-based machine learning used for pig monitoring in experimental research?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Physical in-person observations are time-consuming and can be subjective. Video-based models provide continuous, objective monitoring for detecting animal misthriving.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the proposed system track pig activity and posture?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It uses a ceiling-mounted camera to record video, applies YOLOv8n for object detection, and then uses Lucas–Kanade sparse optical flow to detect movement and classify postures.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What outcomes does the model achieve during validation?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The model classifies whether pigs are lying, standing, or walking, achieving about 90% accuracy with high precision and recall, and a correlation coefficient of 84.53% versus observed ground truth.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]