[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-118516-en":3,"doc-seo-118516-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},118516,962075114101,"Seraphina","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e000253a75eb197efd?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780044092746381165",8,"Research & Report","Machine Learning Approaches for Estimating Prevalence of Undiagnosed Hypertension among Bangladeshi Adults - A Nationwide Survey","Hypertension is a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in South Asia, and many cases remain undiagnosed. This study contrasts machine learning with statistical methods to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension in Bangladeshi adults using data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (2017–18). JNC-7 and ACC/AHA criteria define hypertension, and logistic regression and log-binomial regression models are applied to quantify prevalence and associated risk factors. Results indicate about 16% of hypertension cases are undiagnosed, with higher risk among younger people and residents of Sylhet and Rangpur.","Machine Learning Approaches for Estimating Prevalence of Undiagnosed Hypertension among Bangladeshi Adults: Evidence from a Nationwide Survey  \nA Major Research Project  \nby  \nTanjim Siddiquee  \nSubmitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements  \nFor the Degree of  \nMasters of Science in Statistics  \nIn  \nThe Faculty Of Graduate Studies  \nDepartment of Mathematics And Statistics  \nSupervisor: Prof. Dr. Syed Ejaz Ahmed  \nBROCK UNIVERSITY  \nSt. Catharines, Ontario  \nTanjim Siddiquee  \n©January, 2023  \n [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-2345-6789](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-2345-6789)  \nABSTRACT  \nIn South Asia, hypertension is the most prevalent modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. Comparing machine learning to statistical approaches, it has been found that it performs better at identifying clinical risk. This study utilized machine learning techniques to estimate undiagnosed hypertension.  \nWe created a single dataset out of individual-level data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (2017-18) . The JNC-7 and ACCAHA criteria were used to define hypertension. We used two well-known ML approaches logistic regression and log-binomial regression to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension.  \nA considerable number (16%) of hypertension cases in Bangladesh are still undiagnosed. Young people and the divisions of Sylhet and Rangpur were found to be more at risk for undetected hypertension.  \nML models performed well at identifying undiagnosed hypertension and its contributing factors in South Asia. Future studies incorporating biological markers will be necessary to improve the ML algorithms and determine their applicability.  \nKeywords: Undiagnosed Hypertension, Logistic Regression, Log-Binomial Regression, Machine Learning, Cross-Sectional Studies.  \nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  \nFirst and foremost, I want to thank God for showering me with his blessings throughout my journey. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Syed Ejaz Ahmed, for his guidance in writing this major research paper. I am truly grateful for his financial support which allowed me to successfully complete my Master of Science. I would like to thank my committee member Xiaojian Xu for her feedback, endless support, understanding, and empathy. A special thanks to my family, especially my parents, for always praying for me and trusting me. I would not be where I am without your support. I want to thank my dearest husband, Md Abdullah Al Momin, whose encouragement kept me going. Thanks for believing in me when I did not even believe in myself. I would like to extend my thanks to other faculty members and graduate students in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Brock University for helping me strengthen my knowledge of Statistics. Thanks for being so welcoming and supportive.  \nCONTENTS  \nAbstract i  \nAcknowledgements ii  \nList of Tables v  \nList of Figures v  \n1 Introduction 1  \n2 Literature Review 4  \n3 Materials and Methods 9  \n3.1 Research Design ................................. 9  \n3.2 Sample ...................................... 9  \n3.3 Data Collection ................................. 10  \n3.4 Outcome Variable ................................ 10  \n3.5 Risk Factors ................................... 11  \n3.6 Statistical Analysis ............................... 11  \n3.6.1 Bivariate Analysis ............................ 12  \n3.6.2 Logistic Regression Analysis ...................... 13  \n3.6.3 Log-binomial Regression Analysis ................... 18  \n3.7 Model Selection ................................. 23  \n3.8 Ethical Consideration .............................. 25  \n4 Result 26  \n4.1 Background Characteristic ........................... 26  \n4.2 Bivariate Analysis ................................ 28  \n4.2.1 According to ACC/AHA Guideline (Chi-square test) ........ 29  \n4.2.2 According to JNC7 Guideline (Chi-square test) ........... 33  \n4.3 Logistic Regression Analysis .......................... 37 ","cbCaisp4fJNQ2Ap1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisp4fJNQ2Ap1","pdf",880264,1,113,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Acknowledgements\n# List of Tables\n# List of Figures\n# 1 Introduction\n# 2 Literature Review\n# 3 Materials and Methods\n## 3.1 Research Design\n## 3.2 Sample\n## 3.3 Data Collection\n## 3.4 Outcome Variable\n## 3.5 Risk Factors\n## 3.6 Statistical Analysis\n## 3.7 Model Selection\n## 3.8 Ethical Consideration\n# 4 Result\n## 4.1 Background Characteristic\n## 4.2 Bivariate Analysis\n## 4.3 Logistic Regression Analysis\n## 4.4 Log-binomial Regression Analysis\n# 5 Discussion\n## 5.1 Compare and Contrast\n## 5.2 Strengths and Limitation\n# 6 Conclusions\n## 6.1 Summary\n## 6.2 Potential Implications of the Research\n# References\n# Appendices","[{\"question\":\"How is undiagnosed hypertension defined in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Hypertension is defined using JNC-7 and ACC/AHA criteria. The study then identifies which cases remain undiagnosed under these definitions.\"},{\"question\":\"Which machine learning/statistical models are used to estimate prevalence?\",\"answer\":\"Two well-known approaches are used: logistic regression and log-binomial regression.\"},{\"question\":\"What proportion of hypertension cases in Bangladesh remains undiagnosed, and which groups are at higher risk?\",\"answer\":\"The study reports that about 16% of hypertension cases are still undiagnosed. Young people and people in the Sylhet and Rangpur divisions show higher risk for undetected hypertension.\"}]","Machine Learning Approaches for Estimating Prevalence of Undiagnosed Hypertension among Bangladeshi Adults - A Nationwide Survey | PDF",1785683956,285,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"machine-learning-approaches-for-estimating-prevalence-of-undiagnosed-hypertension-among-bangladeshi-adults-a-nationwide-survey","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/machine-learning-approaches-for-estimating-prevalence-of-undiagnosed-hypertension-among-bangladeshi-adults-a-nationwide-survey/118516/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-02",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How is undiagnosed hypertension defined in this study?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Hypertension is defined using JNC-7 and ACC/AHA criteria. The study then identifies which cases remain undiagnosed under these definitions.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Which machine learning/statistical models are used to estimate prevalence?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Two well-known approaches are used: logistic regression and log-binomial regression.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What proportion of hypertension cases in Bangladesh remains undiagnosed, and which groups are at higher risk?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The study reports that about 16% of hypertension cases are still undiagnosed. Young people and people in the Sylhet and Rangpur divisions show higher risk for undetected hypertension.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]