[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-121168-en":3,"doc-seo-121168-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},121168,687197207639,"Asher","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","Machine learning and health care - Potential benefits and issues","Machine learning and artificial intelligence in healthcare are examined through key distinctions between ML as deriving information from large datasets and AI as also learning from rule-based systems. The work motivates ML-driven medical advances by describing how massive data and computing tools enable trend detection beyond the limits of smaller controlled trials. The paper also addresses ethical risks, including bias types and the possibility of reinforcing healthcare disparities, referencing NIST and UNESCO guidance for best practices.","Faculty and Staff Publications Baylor College of Medicine  \n4-1-2023  \nMachine Learning and Health Care: Potential Benefits and Issues J Graham Atkinson  \nElizabeth G Atkinson  \nFollow this and additional works at: [https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/baylor_docs](https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/baylor_docs)  \n Part of the Biological Phenomena, Cell Phenomena, and Immunity Commons, Biomedical Informatics Commons, Genetics and Genomics Commons, Medical Genetics Commons, Medical Molecular Biology Commons, and the Medical Specialties Commons  \nAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript  \n\n|  | HHS Public Access\u003Cbr>Author manuscript\u003Cbr>J Ambul Care Manage. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2024 January 18. |\n| --- | --- |\n\nPublished in final edited form as:  \nJ Ambul Care Manage. 2023 ; 46(2): 114–120. doi:10.1097/JAC.0000000000000453 .  \nMachine learning and healthcare: Potential benefits and issues  \nJ. Graham Atkinson, D. Phil.1 , Elizabeth G. Atkinson, Ph. D.2 [Assistant Professor]  \n1independent researcher  \n2 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX  \nKeywords  \nArtificial intelligence; machine learning; electronic health records; big data; biobanks  \nIntroduction and terminology  \nThe precise definitions of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) are subject to debate. In some discussions machine learning is entirely included within artificial intelligence and in others they are considered to overlap, but without either being entirely included in the other. Certainly, AI encompasses some activities that are broader than ML. For the purposes of this paper, we are considering ML to involve having a computer derive information from an enormous data set, while AI will involve not only that activity, but also, for example, the activity of learning from the application of a set of rules. Examples of learning from a set of rules are the recently developed program AlphaGO to play the game Go (Silver, 2016) and the DeepMind chess program (Silver, 2018) . The projects that we will discuss in this paper and that we suggest have the potential to advance medical treatment are more simple ML applications using massive data sets to identify trends that deconvolve potential medical problems that would not be powered for detection in the, necessarily, smaller scale controlled trials that are the basis for the approval of drugs and equipment.  \nInterest in machine learning and artificial intelligence has exploded in recent years, as witnessed by the burgeoning number of papers that appear in PubMed (the National Institutes of Health database of publications) searches using these terms. Figure 1 shows the numbers of papers appearing in searches using the search criteria “machine learning” and“artificial intelligence”, by year of publication. In the 1990s the bars are barely discernable, while in 2022 there were over 20,000 papers involving ML and over 10,000 involving AI. 2022 was not included because the year was still incomplete at the time these data were generated, but interim results suggest that the numbers will substantially exceed those from  \n2021. The explosion in work on machine learning has been facilitated by, and necessitated by, the accumulation of big data and the increasing availability of computational power and tools to analyze it. By “big data” we mean large-scale data sets of thousands to millions of entries paired with metadata that are often attained without a specific downstream  \nNo conflicts of interest exist.  \nPubMed, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)  \nAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript  \nAtkinson and Atkinson Page 2  \nanalytic goal in mind. These may be, for example, administrative or billing datasets from healthcare systems, genomic and phenotypic datasets such as biobanks, or even data tracking interactions on commercial or social websites.  \n","cbCaitN0jLLw7Q6p","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitN0jLLw7Q6p","pdf",291270,1,10,"English","en",105,"# Introduction and terminology\n## History and background on machine learning","[{\"question\":\"How does the paper distinguish machine learning from artificial intelligence?\",\"answer\":\"The paper treats machine learning as having a computer derive information from enormous datasets, while artificial intelligence includes that plus additional rule-based learning activities.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the paper argue ML could advance medical treatment?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes that simple ML applications on massive datasets can identify trends and potential medical problems that smaller scale controlled trials may not detect.\"},{\"question\":\"What ethical concerns about AI/ML are highlighted?\",\"answer\":\"The paper notes that existing healthcare disparities may be perpetuated or worsened by ML applications trained on databases reflecting those disparities, and it summarizes NIST and UNESCO approaches.\"}]","Machine learning and health care - Potential benefits and issues | PDF",1785734182,25,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"machine-learning-and-health-care-potential-benefits-and-issues","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/machine-learning-and-health-care-potential-benefits-and-issues/121168/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How does the paper distinguish machine learning from artificial intelligence?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The paper treats machine learning as having a computer derive information from enormous datasets, while artificial intelligence includes that plus additional rule-based learning activities.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Why does the paper argue ML could advance medical treatment?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It emphasizes that simple ML applications on massive datasets can identify trends and potential medical problems that smaller scale controlled trials may not detect.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What ethical concerns about AI/ML are highlighted?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The paper notes that existing healthcare disparities may be perpetuated or worsened by ML applications trained on databases reflecting those disparities, and it summarizes NIST and UNESCO approaches.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":133},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]