[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-117184-en":3,"doc-seo-117184-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},117184,4398048950312,"Violet","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002538284de19e3c?_k=1778320343897328908",8,"Research & Report","Machine Learning and Colorimetric Method Based pH Detecting System - Research Paper","This study develops machine learning approaches for accurate pH measurement using low-cost hardware. A colorimetric procedure determines pH with a paper-based embedded test system containing a pH indicator. A machine vision module extracts the indicator color, while machine learning quantifies the pH value. Regression and classification models are compared to evaluate stability and estimation performance. Results show regression yields smaller pH intervals, but the classification model provides more stable and more accurate pH estimates under the tested conditions.","This is a repository copy of Machine Learning and Colorimetric Method Based pH Detecting System.  \nWhite Rose Research Online URL for this paper:  \n[https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/216475/](https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/216475/)  \n[Version: Accepted Version](Version: Accepted Version)  \nProceedings Paper:  \nWang, Y., Evan, C., Zhang, [L. orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-3200 et al](L. orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-3200 et al). (1 more author)  \n(Accepted: 2024) Machine Learning and Colorimetric Method Based pH Detecting System. In: ICRCV 2024 Conference Proceedings. 2024 6th International Conference on Roboticsand Computer Vision, 20-22 Sep 2024, Wuxi, China. IEEE (In Press)  \n© 2024 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, forresale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.  \nReuse  \nItems deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item.  \nTakedown  \nIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by  \nemailing [eprints@whiterose.ac.uk](eprints@whiterose.ac.uk) including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request.  \n[eprints@whiterose.ac.uk](eprints@whiterose.ac.uk)[ ](eprints@whiterose.ac.uk)[https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/](https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/)  \nMachine Learning and Colorimetric Method Based  \npH Detecting System  \nYuzhe Wang, Craig A. Evans, Li Zhang, Farah Al-Sallami  \nSchool of Electronic and Electrical Engineering  \nUniversity of Leeds  \nLeeds, United Kingdom  \n{el22yw, C.A.Evan, L.X.Zhang, [and F.Al-Sallami](and F.Al-Sallami}@leeds.ac.uk)[}](and F.Al-Sallami}@leeds.ac.uk)[@leeds.ac.uk](and F.Al-Sallami}@leeds.ac.uk)  \nAbstract—This study investigates machine learning-based methods to measure the pH level accurately while using inexpensive equipment. The colorimetric method is employed to determine the pH level of a solution, which is achieved through a pH indicator paper-based embedded test system. The system incorporates a machine vision module to identify the colour of the pH indicator paper and a machine learning algorithm to quantify the pH value. A comparison between regression and classi􀀂cation machine learning algorithms was conducted. The experimental results revealed that, despite the regression model exhibiting smaller pH intervals than the classi􀀂cation model, the classi􀀂cation model is more stable and estimates more accurate values.  \nIndex Terms—machine learning, machine vision, pH measurement  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \npH refers to the potential hydrogen, which is the critical indicator for measuring the acidity or alkalinity in watersoluble substances. Accurate measurement of the pH-level is essential in various 􀀂elds, such as agricultural production, food processing, and medical manufacturing.  \nA range of test equipment are used for pH-value detection. The glass electrode pH meter and the semiconductor pH sensor are both highly accurate [1] . However, the glass electrode meter has poor mechanical strength, and the semiconductor sensor has a relatively short lifespan. Furthermore, both the glass electrode pH meter and the semiconductor pH sensor are considerably expensive. The pH indicator is inexpensive, but the estimated value is highly dependent on the subjective judgement of the user. The colour grade of the pH indicator is not uniformly distributed. The data from the test","cbCaikCXCv9YMf92","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikCXCv9YMf92","pdf",1951951,1,7,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## pH measurement background and limitations of existing sensors\n## Proposed machine learning and machine-vision approach\n# Machine Learning Model\n## Comparison of classification and regression performance\n## Selected machine learning models","[{\"question\":\"How does the system measure pH in this study?\",\"answer\":\"It uses a colorimetric method with a pH indicator paper in a paper-based embedded test system. Machine vision identifies the indicator color, and machine learning converts that color information into a pH value.\"},{\"question\":\"Which model types are compared and for what purpose?\",\"answer\":\"The study compares regression and classification machine learning algorithms to determine pH from the indicator color. The goal is to evaluate both estimation accuracy and stability.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the experimental results show about regression vs classification?\",\"answer\":\"Regression shows smaller pH intervals than classification, but classification is more stable and provides more accurate pH estimates in the experiments.\"}]","Machine Learning and Colorimetric Method Based pH Detecting System - Research Paper | PDF",1785674266,18,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"machine-learning-and-colorimetric-method-based-ph-detecting-system-research-paper","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/machine-learning-and-colorimetric-method-based-ph-detecting-system-research-paper/117184/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-02",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How does the system measure pH in this study?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It uses a colorimetric method with a pH indicator paper in a paper-based embedded test system. Machine vision identifies the indicator color, and machine learning converts that color information into a pH value.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Which model types are compared and for what purpose?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The study compares regression and classification machine learning algorithms to determine pH from the indicator color. The goal is to evaluate both estimation accuracy and stability.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What do the experimental results show about regression vs classification?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Regression shows smaller pH intervals than classification, but classification is more stable and provides more accurate pH estimates in the experiments.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]