[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-273354-105":59,"doc-detail-273354-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","ltr-icd-a-ranking-aware-framework-for-automatic-icd-coding","LTR-ICD - A Ranking-Aware Framework for Automatic ICD Coding","","Clinical notes often come with sequences of ICD diagnostic codes that must be assigned and ordered correctly for proper diagnosis documentation and reimbursement. Automating ICD coding is difficult because state-of-the-art approaches mainly treat the task as classification and overlook code ordering. This work proposes a retrieval-oriented formulation that combines classification with ranking to preserve clinically meaningful order. Results show improved prioritization and higher ranking accuracy for primary diagnosis codes, alongside stronger micro- and macro-F1 metrics.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ltr-icd-a-ranking-aware-framework-for-automatic-icd-coding/273354/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ltr-icd-a-ranking-aware-framework-for-automatic-icd-coding/273354.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Logic","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is sequencing (ordering) of ICD codes important in practice?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Sequencing determines which diagnosis is listed first, which affects medical billing reimbursement and the reliability of research and public health analyses.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What limitation do current automatic ICD coding methods have?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Most methods treat ICD coding as multi-label classification, which ignores the ordering of codes that is essential for real-world use.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the proposed LTR-ICD framework improve automatic ICD coding?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"LTR-ICD reframes the task from a retrieval-system perspective, formulating it as a classification-and-ranking problem to better identify high-priority codes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},273354,1789471024,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":143},1099513958762,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253","LTR-ICD: A Ranking-Aware Framework for Automatic ICD  \nCoding  \nMohammad Mansoori  \nHalmstad University Halmstad, Halland, Sweden [mohammad.mansoori@hh.se](mohammad.mansoori@hh.se)  \nAmira Soliman  \nHalmstad University Halmstad, Halland, Sweden [amira.soliman@hh.se](amira.soliman@hh.se)  \nFarzaneh Etminani  \nHalmstad University Halmstad, Halland, Sweden [farzaneh.etminani@hh.se](farzaneh.etminani@hh.se)  \narXiv : 25 10 . 13922v 3 [cs .LG] 25 Aug 2026  \nAbstract  \nClinical notes contain unstructured text provided by clinicians during patient encounters. These notes are usually accompanied by a sequence of diagnostic codes following the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) . Correctly assigning and ordering ICD codes is essential for medical diagnosis and reimbursement. However, automating this task remains challenging. State-of-the-art methods treated this problem as a classification task, leading to ignoring the order of ICD codes that is essential for different purposes. In this work, as a first attempt, we approach this task from a retrieval system perspective to consider the order of codes, thus formulating this problem as a classification and ranking task. Our results and analysis show that the proposed framework has a superior ability to identify high-priority codes compared to other methods. For instance, our model’s accuracy in correctly ranking primary diagnosis codes is ~47%, compared to ~20% for the state-of-the-art classifier. Additionally, in terms of classification metrics, the proposed model achieves a micro-and macro-F1 scores of 0.6065 and 0.2904, respectively, surpassing the previous best model with scores of 0 .6035 and 0 .2741.  \nCCS Concepts  \n• Applied computing → Health informatics; • Computing methodologies → Natural language processing; Supervised learning by classification; • Information systems → Language models; Recommender systems.  \nKeywords  \nGenerative Language Models, Rank Aware Classification, Automatic Medical Coding, ICD Coding, Electronic Health Records, Pre-trained Language Models  \nACM Reference Format:  \nMohammad Mansoori, Amira Soliman, and Farzaneh Etminani. 2026. LTRICD: A Ranking-Aware Framework for Automatic ICD Coding. In 17th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Health Informatics (BCB’26), June 30-July 03, 2026, Rende (CS), Italy. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 9 pages. [https://doi.org/10.1145/3807503.3819375](https://doi.org/10.1145/3807503.3819375)  \n1 Introduction  \nInternational Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes are alphanumeric codes used to classify diagnoses, symptoms, procedures, and  \nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 .0 International License. BCB’26, Rende (CS), Italy  \n© 2026 Copyright held by the owner/author(s) .  \nACM ISBN 979-8-4007-2653-8/2026/06  \n[https://doi.org/10.1145/3807503.3819375](https://doi.org/10.1145/3807503.3819375)  \nother health conditions. These codes are part of the ICD system, maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO). This coding system follows a hierarchical structure, which organizes diseases and health conditions into chapters, categories, sub-categories, and codes. Medical coders or clinical documentation specialists usually assign ICD codes. These professionals examine patients’ electronic health records (EHRs), including clinical notes, lab results, and other relevant documentation, to assign the appropriate ICD codes for the documented diagnoses and procedures. They ensure the codes are arranged in the proper order, a process known as ‘sequencing’, which is essential for accurate coding1 .  \nThe order of ICD codes can be crucial in many situations, particularly in certain contexts such as medical billing [2] . For instance, when submitting claims to insurance companies for reimbursement, the primary diagnosis code, which represents the main reason for the patient’s encounter with the healthcare provider, is typically listed first. Secondary diagnosis codes ma","cbCaihWc2CLlRLM0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihWc2CLlRLM0","pdf",737710,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## ICD coding background and sequencing\n## Limitations of multi-label classifier approaches\n## Reformulation as recommendation and ranking","[{\"question\":\"Why is sequencing (ordering) of ICD codes important in practice?\",\"answer\":\"Sequencing determines which diagnosis is listed first, which affects medical billing reimbursement and the reliability of research and public health analyses.\"},{\"question\":\"What limitation do current automatic ICD coding methods have?\",\"answer\":\"Most methods treat ICD coding as multi-label classification, which ignores the ordering of codes that is essential for real-world use.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed LTR-ICD framework improve automatic ICD coding?\",\"answer\":\"LTR-ICD reframes the task from a retrieval-system perspective, formulating it as a classification-and-ranking problem to better identify high-priority codes.\"}]","LTR-ICD - A Ranking-Aware Framework for Automatic ICD Coding | PDF",23]