[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-160362-en":3,"doc-seo-160362-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},160362,1374402524268,"Berry Peter","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2",4,"Exam","LR Perfection - 8 - Flaw Questions","LR Perfection第8章围绕逻辑推理中的Flaw Questions展开，解释此类题目为何占据LR题量的较大比例，并强调其通常只能依赖外部知识与记忆来掌握。内容进一步给出判定论证是否存在缺陷的方法：先拆解刺激材料中的论证结构（前提、结论与可能的中间结论），再定位从前提到主要结论的“跳跃推理”与推理断口。通过有效/有效但不完备、以及概率表述导致无效的对比案例，训练识别语义层面的范围、数量、强度与概念变化。","[dragontest.org](dragontest.org) LR Perfection  \n8. Flaw Questions  \n8. Flaw Questions 153  \nLR Perfection [dragontest.org](dragontest.org)  \n[154 8. Flaw Questions](154 8. Flaw Questions)  \n[dragontest.org](dragontest.org) LR Perfection  \nAnalyzing Flaw Stimuli from a Structural Perspective  \nFlaw Questions are the most common questions to appear on the Logic Reasoning section, making up over 20% of all questions in total. It is also the only question type that can only be solved via outside knowledge. For nearly every other type of question, we can learn them by practicing and examining the questions, but for Flaw Questions, there are material that we must learn and memorize.  \nFlaw Questions are also noted for their hard to decipher answer choices, so we will continue to practice the art of matching keywords from answer choices with information in the stimulus. (Just as we did with Role and Method Questions.)  \nFlaw Questions will contain a problematic argument in the stimulus (remember we mentioned before that for the majority of LR questions, the stimulus will contain an argument). Flaw Question stimuli will ALWAYS contain an argument, which means that it will have a main conclusion, premises, and maybe an intermediate conclusion. As usual, the first step when approaching Flaw Questions is to dissect the stimulus and identify components of the argument, just as we did in Find the Conclusion, Role, and Method Questions.  \nOnce we have identified the support and the conclusion in the author’s argument, we need to find what’s wrong with the argument. Take a look at the following argument:  \nAll men are mortal.  \nSocrates is a man.  \nTherefore, Socrates is mortal.  \nThis is Aristotle’s most famous syllogism. You have probably seen it before. It is a valid argument, we can find no fault with it, and as a result, it is without flaw.  \nAn argument may be logically valid but still false, as seen in the example below:  \nAll men are unicorns.  \nSocrates is a man.  \nTherefore, Socrates is a unicorn.  \nThis is still a valid argument, despite all its ridiculousness. In real life, you could refute this argument by pointing out the falsehood of its premise: the statement all men are unicorns is false. So even though the argument is still valid, it’s not a sound argument.  \nBut on the LSAT, we are not here to dispute the truthfulness/falsity of the argument’s premises. In other words, we do not care whether the statements in the argument are true in real life. All we care about is the validity of the argument.  \nBut how do we determine whether an argument is valid or not? Take a look at the following example:  \nAll men are mortal.  \nSocrates is probably a man.  \nTherefore, Socrates is mortal.  \nThis argument is imperfect. In fact, it is invalid. We accept each premise as true, but the author’s premises do not warrant the conclusion. If Socrates is probably a man, then the only conclusion you can derive is that Socrates is probably mortal. There is a shift in the language of the argument going from premise to conclusion. The author makes a certain conclusion based on what is probable.  \n8. Flaw Questions 155  \nLR Perfection [dragontest.org](dragontest.org)  \nIn fact, in every flaw argument, there will be an unsupported leap made going from the premises to the main conclusion. Sometimes it’s between one of the premises and the main conclusion, sometimes it’s between the intermediate conclusion and the main conclusion. But it will always involve the main conclusion and another supporting statement.  \nBecause the author has made a “leap of reasoning,” there will be gaps in the author’s reasoning, as a result. Our second step is therefore to think about the gap in the author’s reasoning and ask ourselves whether this leap is reasonable.  \nTake a look at the following example:  \nDavid is going to law school, therefore he must have taken the LSAT.  \nWhat is the premise in this argument? David is going to law school,  \nWhat is the conclusion in ","cbCaiviYaCQmnJvV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiviYaCQmnJvV","pdf",499374,1,42,"English","en",105,"# 8. Flaw Questions\n## Flaw Questions 的题型特点\n## 论证有效性与缺陷的区别\n## 识别推理断口：前提到主要结论的跳跃\n## 通过措辞对比寻找范围/强度/概念变化","[{\"question\":\"为什么Flaw Questions需要额外的外部知识或记忆？\",\"answer\":\"Flaw Questions是LR里最常见的题型之一，但与其他类型不同，它们往往需要掌握特定材料或规则才能解题，而不仅是通过大量练习理解题目形式。\"},{\"question\":\"解题时第一步应该做什么？\",\"answer\":\"先拆解刺激材料中的论证结构，识别前提、主要结论以及可能出现的中间结论。这样才能进一步判断哪里存在问题。\"},{\"question\":\"如何判断论证存在缺陷？\",\"answer\":\"在前提到主要结论之间寻找“不被支持的跳跃推理”，检查该跳跃是否合理；可通过比较前提与结论的措辞，观察范围、数量、强度与概念是否发生变化。\"}]","LR Perfection - 8 - Flaw Questions | PDF",1788062407,106,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":28},"lr-perfection-8-flaw-questions","",{"@graph":36,"@context":84},[37,53,67],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/lr-perfection-8-flaw-questions/160362/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-30",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"为什么Flaw Questions需要额外的外部知识或记忆？","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"Flaw Questions是LR里最常见的题型之一，但与其他类型不同，它们往往需要掌握特定材料或规则才能解题，而不仅是通过大量练习理解题目形式。","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"解题时第一步应该做什么？",{"text":79,"@type":75},"先拆解刺激材料中的论证结构，识别前提、主要结论以及可能出现的中间结论。这样才能进一步判断哪里存在问题。",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"如何判断论证存在缺陷？",{"text":83,"@type":75},"在前提到主要结论之间寻找“不被支持的跳跃推理”，检查该跳跃是否合理；可通过比较前提与结论的措辞，观察范围、数量、强度与概念是否发生变化。","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,103,108,113,118,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},70,"exam",{"id":104,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]