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MAX2 is an F-box LRR protein acting as a central component of strigolactone (SL) and karrikin (KAR) signaling, integrating growth regulation and stress responses. This study identifies LpMAX2, a perennial ryegrass homolog of Arabidopsis MAX2 (AtMAX2) and rice D3, showing SL-dependent interactions with AtD14 and LpD14. LpMAX2 overexpression in Arabidopsis max2-3 partially restores morphology and fully rescues drought tolerance, supporting conserved MAX2 functions in drought adaptation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/lpmax2-is-a-strigolactonekarrikin-signaling-component-in-perennial-ryegrass-lolium-perenne-l/461795/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/lpmax2-is-a-strigolactonekarrikin-signaling-component-in-perennial-ryegrass-lolium-perenne-l/461795.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Himbo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-06","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does this paper address in perennial ryegrass?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It addresses how drought stress limits perennial ryegrass growth and development, reducing productivity and making stress adaptation increasingly important under climate change.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is LpMAX2 and how is it related to known MAX2 proteins?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"LpMAX2 is identified as a homolog of Arabidopsis MAX2 (AtMAX2) and rice D3 in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), indicating functional conservation in SL/KAR signaling.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What experimental evidence supports the role of LpMAX2 in drought tolerance?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Overexpressing LpMAX2 in Arabidopsis max2-3 partially rescues leaf and developmental phenotypes and fully restores drought tolerance, highlighting conserved roles of MAX2 in growth and drought resistance.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},461795,1790789727,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687197100911,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697","Article  \nLpMAX2 Is a Strigolactone/Karrikin Signaling Component in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)  \nHaiyang Yu 1,2,3,†, Fang Qiu 1,2,†, Yuehua Wang 1,2,3, Ruifeng Yao 1,2,3, Meng Zhang 1,2,3, * and Li Chen 1,2,3, *  \nAcademic Editor: Tibor Janda  \nReceived: 27 November 2025  \nRevised: 15 December 2025  \nAccepted: 17 December 2025  \nPublished: 19 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Longping Agricultural College, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; [yuhaiyang@hnu.edu.cn](yuhaiyang@hnu.edu.cn) (H.Y.); [qiufangyanling@163.com](qiufangyanling@163.com) (F.Q.); [wyhua@hnu.edu.cn](wyhua@hnu.edu.cn) (Y.W.); [ryao@hnu.edu.cn](ryao@hnu.edu.cn) (R.Y.)  \n2 Hunan Research Center of the Basic Discipline for Cell Signaling, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China  \n3 Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China  \n* Correspondence: [zhangmeng2019@hnu.edu.cn](zhangmeng2019@hnu.edu.cn) (M.Z.); [chenli2018@hnu.edu.cn](chenli2018@hnu.edu.cn) (L.C.)† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract  \nPerennial ryegrass is a widely cultivated cool-season forage and turf grass species whose growth and development are limited by drought and high temperature. MAX2 is an F-box leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein, which serves as a central component of strigolactone (SL) and karrikin (KAR) signaling pathways, involved in multiple growth and developmental processes as well as stress response. Here, we identified LpMAX2, a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) homolog of Arabidopsis MAX2 (AtMAX2) and rice D3 . LpMAX2 can interact with AtD14 and LpD14 in an SL-dependent manner, implying functional conservation with AtMAX2 . Overexpression of LpMAX2 in the Arabidopsis max2-3 mutant partially rescued leaf morphology, hypocotyl elongation, and branching phenotypes, while fully restoring drought tolerance, highlighting the evolutionarily conserved roles of MAX2 in plant growth and drought resistance. In conclusion, LpMAX2 is evolutionarily conserved in SL/KAR signaling pathways, highlighting its potential function in drought adaptation. In addition to elucidating the biological function of LpMAX2, this study identifies a promising genetic target for enhancing stress resilience in forage grasses through biotechnological approaches.  \nKeywords: Lolium perenne; LpMAX2; drought stress; strigolactone/karrikin signaling pathway; Arabidopsis thaliana  \n1. Introduction  \nPerennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a widely cultivated cool-season perennial grass species extensively cultivated for its dual utility as high-quality forage and durable turf grass. However, its productivity is increasingly threatened by drought stress, which has become more severe due to climate change. Global analyses reveal that persistent multiyear drought has expanded terrestrial areas at a rate of 49,279 ± 14,771 km2 /year from 1980 to 2018 [1], substantially reducing grassland ecosystem productivity worldwide [2] .  \nDrought is one of the most significant abiotic stresses affecting global agriculture, profoundly impacting plant growth and developmental processes. Through evolutionary adaptation, plants have developed intricate physiological and molecular mechanisms to  \nacclimate to both transient and prolonged drought conditions [3,4] . Plant hormone signaling is crucial for adaptation and tolerance to environmental stress, including abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, heat, cold, flooding [5], and biotic stresses, such as pathogen infections, insect pests, and herbivory [6] . The molecular mechanisms through which classical plant hormones mediate drought stress responses have been systematically","cbCaiejaB6XxlBMA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiejaB6XxlBMA","pdf",11089088,14,"English","# Introduction\n## Drought stress and plant adaptation\n## Plant hormone signaling in drought tolerance\n## Strigolactone (SL) signaling pathway background\n# MAX2-centered SL/KAR signaling components","[{\"question\":\"What problem does this paper address in perennial ryegrass?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses how drought stress limits perennial ryegrass growth and development, reducing productivity and making stress adaptation increasingly important under climate change.\"},{\"question\":\"What is LpMAX2 and how is it related to known MAX2 proteins?\",\"answer\":\"LpMAX2 is identified as a homolog of Arabidopsis MAX2 (AtMAX2) and rice D3 in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), indicating functional conservation in SL/KAR signaling.\"},{\"question\":\"What experimental evidence supports the role of LpMAX2 in drought tolerance?\",\"answer\":\"Overexpressing LpMAX2 in Arabidopsis max2-3 partially rescues leaf and developmental phenotypes and fully restores drought tolerance, highlighting conserved roles of MAX2 in growth and drought resistance.\"}]","LpMAX2 Is a Strigolactone/Karrikin Signaling Component in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) | PDF",1790762436,35]