[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-116909-en":3,"doc-seo-116909-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},116909,549758146520,"Patrick","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470",8,"Research & Report","LOW-COST VIDEO-OCULOGRAPHY SYSTEM FOR EYE TRACKING - A THESIS","The vestibular system supports balance and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), which stabilizes vision during head motion. Existing vestibular research often uses scleral coils and marker-based video-oculography (VOG), creating discomfort and potential harm. A non-invasive, marker-free VOG approach improves comfort but may reduce accuracy. This thesis explores a machine-learning solution using TensorFlow object-detection models to estimate pupil center from bounding boxes, then compute eye angular velocity. A 3D-printed low-cost headset integrates sensors and camera imaging, and experimental results evaluate error rates and limitations.","UNIVERISTY OF OKLAHOMA  \nGRADUATE COLLEGE  \nLOW-COST VIDEO-OCULOGRAPHY SYSTEM FOR EYE TRACKING  \nA THESIS  \nSUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY  \nin partial fulfillment of the requirements for the  \nDegree of  \nMASTER OF SCIENCE  \nBy  \nMATTHEW SMITH  \nNorman, Oklahoma  \nLOW-COST VIDEO-OCULOGRAPHY SYSTEM FOR EYE TRACKING  \nA THESIS APPROVED FOR THE  \nSTEPHENSON SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING  \nBY THE COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF  \nDr. Chenkai Dai, Chair Dr. Kuang Hua Chang  \nDr. David Miller  \n© Copyright by MATTHEW SMITH 2023 All Rights Reserved.  \nAcknowledgements  \nI would like to express my gratitude to everyone who has assisted me in conducting my research and supported me throughout the process of completing my thesis. The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the help and guidance of my advisor Dr. Chenkai Dai. His expertise, encouragement, and kindness were crucial for the completion of my work. Thankyou for welcoming me into your lab and giving me the opportunity to learn and grow as a researcher. I would also like to extend my thanks to Dr. Kuang Hua Chang and Dr. David Miller for agreeing to be members of my committee and for their time and feedback which was instrumental in refining and strengthening my thesis. Lastly, I would like to thank Ethan Soemantri, Brett Peterson, and Adam Goldberg for their contributions which were vital to the development of the eye tracking device.  \nTABLE OF CONTENTS  \nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV  \nLIST OF FIGURES VII  \nLIST OF TABLES VIII ABSTRACT IX CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW 1  \n1.1 Introduction 1  \n1.1.1 History of Eye Tracking 1  \n1.1.2 Eye and Vestibular System Anatomy 2  \n1.2 Eye Tracking Techniques 5  \n1.2.1 Current Eye Tracking Methods 5  \n1.2.2 Eye Tracking Principles 7  \n1.3 The Proposed Device 9  \nCHAPTER 2. DESIGN DETAILS 11  \n2.1 Prototype I 11  \n2.1.1 Hardware 11  \n2.1.2 Software 13  \n2.2 Prototype II 15  \n2.2.1 Hardware 16  \n2.2.2 Software 19  \n2.2.3 Methods 20  \n2.3 Final Design 21  \n2.3.1 Hardware 21  \n2.3.2 Software 22  \nCHAPTER 3. RESULTS 29  \n3.1 Prototype I Results 29  \n3.2 Prototype II Results 31  \n3.3 Final Design Results 32  \nCHAPTER 4. DISCUSSION 35  \nCHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 39  \nCHAPTER 6. OTHER PROJECT 40  \n6.1 Abstract 40  \n6.2 Introduction 41  \n6.3 Methods 42  \n6.4 Discussion 46  \n6.5 Results 51  \n6.6 Conclusion 52  \nBIBLIOGRAPHY 53  \nAPPENDIX 58  \nList of Figures  \nFigure 1.1 Human Eye Anatomy 2  \nFigure 1.2 Vestibular System Anatomy 3  \nFigure 1.3 Scleral Search Coil Eye Tracking 5  \nFigure 2.1 Prototype I 11  \nFigure 2.2 Object Detection Model Labeling and Output 13  \nFigure 2.3 Prototype II 15  \nFigure 2.4 Wiring Diagram for Accelerometer and Gyroscope 17  \nFigure 2.5 Improved Lighting Conditions 18  \nFigure 2.6 Improved Lighting Model 19  \nFigure 2.7 Improved Training Steps Model 20  \nFigure 2.8 Final Headset Design 21  \nFigure 2.9 Classification Loss Improvements 23  \nFigure 2.10 Localization Loss Improvements 24  \nFigure 2.11 Regularization Loss Changes 26  \nFigure 2.12 Total Loss Changes 27  \nFigure 3.1 Prototype I Gyroscope Results 30  \nFigure 3.2 Prototype I Pupil Center Tracking 30  \nFigure 3.3 Prototype II Pupil Center and Gyroscope Results 31  \nFigure 3.4 Final Design Pupil Center and Gyroscope Results 32  \nFigure 6.1 Experimental Setup 43  \nFigure 6.2 Scanning Point Removal 44  \nFigure 6.3 Illustration of Data Preprocessing 45  \nFigure 6.4 TB Tympanometry Measurements 46  \nFigure 6.5 Pre and Post Injection Absorbance Averages 47  \nFigure 6.6 Comparison of Sound Displacements 48  \nFigure 6.7 TM Quadrant Division 49  \nFigure 6.8 Surface Variation and Area to Volume Ratio Results 50  \nList Of Tables  \nTable 3.1 Final Design Correlation and Average Gain 34  \nTable 4.1 Price Breakdown of the Device 38  \nABSTRACT  \nThe vestibular system plays a critical role in balancing and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), which aids in maintaining visual stability during head movements. Current methods of vestibular research rely on scleral coils and video-oc","cbCaig0CANkXZkS0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaig0CANkXZkS0","pdf",2028995,1,67,"English","en",105,"# ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\n# CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW\n## Introduction\n## Eye Tracking Techniques\n## The Proposed Device\n# CHAPTER 2. DESIGN DETAILS\n## Prototype I\n## Prototype II\n## Final Design\n# CHAPTER 3. RESULTS\n## Prototype I Results\n## Prototype II Results\n## Final Design Results\n# CHAPTER 4. DISCUSSION\n# CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION\n# CHAPTER 6. OTHER PROJECT\n## Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Methods\n## Discussion\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# BIBLIOGRAPHY\n# APPENDIX","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the thesis address in eye tracking research?\",\"answer\":\"It targets the discomfort and potential harm caused by traditional scleral coils and marker-based VOG methods, which are used to study vestibular function.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed low-cost system estimate eye movement without markers?\",\"answer\":\"It trains TensorFlow object-detection models to locate the pupil via bounding boxes, derives the pupil center from the geometric center, and uses that position to calculate angular velocity.\"},{\"question\":\"What hardware components are used to test the headset system?\",\"answer\":\"The thesis fabricates a 3D-printed headset and uses a gyroscope, Raspberry Pi, button light, and a camera to collect rotational data and capture images for processing.\"}]","LOW-COST VIDEO-OCULOGRAPHY SYSTEM FOR EYE TRACKING - A THESIS | PDF",1785672429,169,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"low-cost-video-oculography-system-for-eye-tracking-a-thesis","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/low-cost-video-oculography-system-for-eye-tracking-a-thesis/116909/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-02",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What problem does the thesis address in eye tracking research?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It targets the discomfort and potential harm caused by traditional scleral coils and marker-based VOG methods, which are used to study vestibular function.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the proposed low-cost system estimate eye movement without markers?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It trains TensorFlow object-detection models to locate the pupil via bounding boxes, derives the pupil center from the geometric center, and uses that position to calculate angular velocity.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What hardware components are used to test the headset system?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The thesis fabricates a 3D-printed headset and uses a gyroscope, Raspberry Pi, button light, and a camera to collect rotational data and capture images for processing.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]