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Across three experiments, participants completed a perceptual type 1 task and then reported confidence in a metacognitive type 2 judgment using intact, physically gapped, partially occluded (amodal completion), or induced (modal completion) stimuli. Participants showed the highest confidence for full stimuli; amodal and modal completion yielded confidence comparable to gapped stimuli, indicating visibility of distal gaps shapes confidence judgments.",{"@graph":69,"@context":115},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/low-confidence-for-perceptual-completion-of-partially-occluded-objects/461338/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/low-confidence-for-perceptual-completion-of-partially-occluded-objects/461338.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Franzy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What was the main outcome for confidence ratings across conditions?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Across three experiments, participants had the highest confidence for full stimuli, while amodal and modal completion produced confidence levels comparable to stimuli with gaps, indicating low confidence when distal gaps are perceptually filled in.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":117,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":119,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":121,"site_id":62},461338,1791305320,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":124},{"doc_id":121,"user_id":125,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":126,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":127,"file_id":128,"file_url":129,"file_type":130,"file_size":131,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":132,"language":133,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":134,"faqs":135,"seo_title":136,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":137,"read_time":138,"preview_page_count":4},2336478945519,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Low confidence for perceptual completion of partially occluded objects  \nCemre Baykan Philipps-Universität Marburg,  \nFachbereich Psychologie,  \nAG Sensomotorisches Lernen, Germany  \nPascal Mamassian Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs,  \nDépartement d’Études Cognitives,  \nÉcole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France  \nAlexander C. Schütz Philipps-Universität Marburg,  \nFachbereich Psychologie,  \nAG Sensomotorisches Lernen, Germany  \nPervasive gaps in sensory information are completed in perception. Interestingly, humans are unaware of that perceptual completion in cases of proximal gaps, which are caused by properties of their own sensory system, and report high confidence for the inferred information in those gaps. Here, we investigated whether such overconfidence is also observed in perceptual completion of visual information in distal gaps (i.e., those caused by the properties of the stimulus). In three experiments, we asked participants to perform a perceptual (type 1) task and report their confidence (type 2 task) using stimuli that were either intact (full stimulus), with a partial cutout (stimulus with gap), partially occluded (amodal completion) or induced (modal completion). We examined whether participants report high confidence for amodal and modal completion in comparison to a full stimulus or stimulus with gap. Over three experiments, participants had the highest confidence for full stimuli, whereas amodal and modal completion led to comparable confidence as stimuli with gap. These findings demonstrate that there was low confidence for stimuli whose distal gaps are perceptually filled in. In combination with previous research, our results suggest that visibility of the gaps in information influences confidence judgments.  \nIntroduction  \nOur visual system lacks sensory information due to various reasons. Anatomically, in the blind spot regions, where the optic nerve leaves the eye and where there are  \nno photoreceptors, no light can be detected (Durgin, Tripathy, & Levi, 1995; Ramachandran, 1992) . In the fovea, where there are no rod photoreceptors, no light can be detected under low-light conditions (Curcio, Sloan, Kalina, & Hendrickson, 1990; Jacobs, 2002) . Angioscotomata, where blood vessels cast shadowson the photoreceptors in the retina, also lead to a loss of information (Adams & Horton, 2002; Mark, 2014; Purkinje, 1825) . Apart from anatomical reasons, there are environmental factors that constrict the available visual information such as occlusion of an object by other objects or by its own parts (Nanay, 2018) . Despite these factors, we have a seamless perceptual experience of visual scenes by means of “filling-in”mechanisms whereby the brain substitutes the missing information (Michotte, Thinès, & Crabbé, 1967; Pessoa, Thompson, & Noë, 1998; Ramachandran & Gregory, 1991) . Earlier studies showed that some forms of perceptual completion or filling-in occur outside of our awareness, leading to overconfidence for filled-in stimuli in the blind-spot (Ehinger, Häusser, Ossandón,& König, 2017; Ramachandran, 1992), in the foveal rod-scotoma (Gloriani & Schütz, 2019), and also in the auditory sense (Baykan, Mamassian, & Schütz, 2025) . Yet, it is not known whether observers have similar metacognitive distortions for filled-in (inferred) visual stimuli when some of their parts are physically absent.  \nMetacognition is often described as one’s subjective assessment of their own cognitive state and can be measured with confidence judgments (Fleming, Dolan,& Frith, 2012; Lau & Rosenthal, 2011; Mamassian, 2016) . Typically, metacognitive ability is assessed as  \nCitation: Baykan, C., Mamassian, P., & Schütz, A. C. (2026) . Low confidence for perceptual completion of partially occluded ob  \njects. Journal of Vision, 26(1):4, 1–14, [https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.26.1.4](https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.26.1.4) .  \n[https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.26.1.4](https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.26.1.4) Received May 28, 2025; published","cbCaiocBAhB5NqYL","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiocBAhB5NqYL","pdf",789699,14,"English","# Introduction\n## Metacognition and confidence judgments\n## Visual filling-in and perceptual gaps\n## Distal versus proximal gaps","[{\"question\":\"What was the main outcome for confidence ratings across conditions?\",\"answer\":\"Across three experiments, participants had the highest confidence for full stimuli, while amodal and modal completion produced confidence levels comparable to stimuli with gaps, indicating low confidence when distal gaps are perceptually filled in.\"}]","Low confidence for perceptual completion of partially occluded objects | PDF",1790761383,35]