[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-597949-105":59,"doc-detail-597949-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","lost-in-translation-strategies-japanese-language-learners-use-in-communicating-culturally-specific-l1-expressions-in-english","Lost in Translation: Strategies Japanese Language Learners Use in Communicating Culturally Specific L1 Expressions in English","","Explores how Japanese L2 learners in the US translate culturally specific Japanese L1 expressions when there are no direct English semantic equivalents. Twenty-nine students were asked to translate Japanese cultural expressions lacking corresponding English forms. Findings show three main behaviors: omission, substitution with contextually common English expressions that shift meaning, and literal translation that reduces intelligibility. Emphasizes developing bicultural communicative capability to convey L1-specific cultural meanings in L2 communication.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/lost-in-translation-strategies-japanese-language-learners-use-in-communicating-culturally-specific-l1-expressions-in-english/597949/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/lost-in-translation-strategies-japanese-language-learners-use-in-communicating-culturally-specific-l1-expressions-in-english/597949.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Indoniesian Boy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the study address for L2 learners?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines how L2 learners express cultural meanings of L1-specific expressions when no linguistically and semantically equivalent forms exist in the target language.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were participants asked to complete the task?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Twenty-nine Japanese students studying English in the US were asked to translate Japanese cultural expressions that do not have equivalent English expressions.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What translation strategies did the students use most often?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"They either eliminated the expression, replaced it with a commonly used English expression in a similar context but with a different meaning, or literally translated it into English in a way that made little sense.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},597949,1792166017,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962090760608,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","NORIYUKI INOUE  \nUniversity of San Diego  \nSARINA CHUGANI MOLINA  \nUniversity of San Diego  \nLost in Translation: Strategies Japanese Language Learners Use in Communicating Culturally Specific L1 Expressions in English  \nCommunicating in a second language could be seen as a process requiring the deconstruction and reconstruction of cultural meanings. If this is the case, how do second language (L2) learners express cultural meanings of their first language (L1) expressions that do not have semantically equivalent L2 expressions? Twentynine Japanese students learning English as a second language in the US were asked to translate Japanese cultural expressions that do not have equivalent English expressions. This study found that the students either (a) entirely eliminated the expression from the statement,(b) replaced the expression with an English expression commonly used in a similar context, but with a different meaning, or (c) literally translated the expression into an English expression that made little sense. The study suggests the importance of helping L2 learners develop this bicultural capability to convey rich cultural meanings of L1-specific expressions in L2-based communication.  \nIntroduction  \nSuccessful intercultural communication using a new language depends  \non the degree to which culturally unique meanings, values, and inten  \ntions are effectively communicated. In such an attempt, one particular challenge for L2 learners is that many L1 expressions commonly used in L1 communication do not have linguistically and semantically equivalent L2 expressions. This creates a dilemma for L2 learners: If L2 learners use literal translations of L1-specific expressions in L2 communication, they maybe inappropriate or unintelligible under the new sociolinguistic norm. If they suppress the intended cultural expressions in the L2-speaking environment, culturally valued communication scripts and perspectives that they have internalized in their home culture would be withheld within the context of intercultural communication (Gudykunst & Ting-Toomey, 1988) .  \nFor L2 learners, one way to resolve this dilemma would be to find a way to translate cultural meanings in L1-specific expressions to sociolinguistically appropriate L2 expressions that approximate the original meanings. In the studies  \nThe CATESOL Journal 22.1 • 2010/2011 • 149  \nof translation, it is commonly agreed that this is possible by deconstructing and reconstructing the meanings ofthe original expressions using the new language in ways that fit the sociolinguistic norms and discourse patterns of the new language, even though some structural and stylistic characteristics of the original expressions may be sacrificed (Aixelá, 1996; Bassnett, 1991; Gentzler, 1993). In fact, there have been many successful attempts to achieve translation equivalency in this way when translating texts in literature (Baker, 1992), diagnostic interviews (Bravo, Woodbury-Fariña, Canino, & Rubio-Stipec, 1993), and standardized psychometric instruments (Brislin, Lonner, & Thorndike, 1973; Son, Song, & Lim, 2006) . This is not to say that second and foreign language learning should be reduced to merely translating written L1 expressions. Simply being able to translate L1 expressions into L2 expressions would not ensure successful intercultural communication. However, we assume that the ability to express cultural meanings of a wide variety of L1 expressions in L2 constitutes an essential component of learning L2 for the purpose of intercultural communication.  \nResearchers conceptualize translation equivalency in terms of multiple categories (Baker, 1992; Koller, 1989; Schäffner & Herting, 1994; Witte, 1994) . First, for structural equivalence, the words and expressions in their translations are chosen so that they are direct and structurally equivalent translations of the original sentences. As discussed before, this is extremely difficult to achieve when translating culture-specific ex","cbCaioLdktSs84we","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioLdktSs84we","pdf",753518,18,"English","# Introduction\n## Translation as reconstruction of cultural meanings\n## Types of translation equivalence\n## Challenges from evolving sociolinguistic norms\n## Purpose and research focus","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address for L2 learners?\",\"answer\":\"It examines how L2 learners express cultural meanings of L1-specific expressions when no linguistically and semantically equivalent forms exist in the target language.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants asked to complete the task?\",\"answer\":\"Twenty-nine Japanese students studying English in the US were asked to translate Japanese cultural expressions that do not have equivalent English expressions.\"},{\"question\":\"What translation strategies did the students use most often?\",\"answer\":\"They either eliminated the expression, replaced it with a commonly used English expression in a similar context but with a different meaning, or literally translated it into English in a way that made little sense.\"}]","Lost in Translation: Strategies Japanese Language Learners Use in Communicating Culturally Specific L1 Expressions in English | PDF",1792086009,45]