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Method: single-centre retrospective analysis of patients in rehabilitation between January 2006 and March 2022. Paired follow-up GMFM-66 measurements were analyzed over a 6-month interval using the lambda–mu–sigma method. Results: reference centiles for GMFM-66 change were built from 1190 longitudinal data pairs and showed strong correlation with previously published values, extending applicability to ages 3–18.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/longitudinal-reference-centiles-for-the-gross-motor-function-measure-66-in-children-and-adolescents-with-cerebral-palsy/439178/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/longitudinal-reference-centiles-for-the-gross-motor-function-measure-66-in-children-and-adolescents-with-cerebral-palsy/439178.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Connor ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of this study on GMFM-66 reference centiles?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To establish new longitudinal reference values for GMFM-66 change over a 6-month period in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy aged 3 to 18 years, improving the assessment of motor function changes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were the longitudinal reference values calculated?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Paired GMFM-66 measurements from follow-up after rehabilitation were used to generate reference centiles for change over 6 months using the lambda–mu–sigma method.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What did the results show compared with previously published reference values?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The new reference values had a high correlation with previously published reference values, which had been limited to ages 3 to 12; the new values can be applied from age 3 to 18.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},439178,1791133614,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},687207022233,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","DOI: 10. 1111/dmcn.16455  \nO R IG I NA L A R T I C L E  \nLongitudinal reference centiles for the Gross Motor Function Measure-66 in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy  \nIbrahim Duran1,2,*  | Leonie Schafmeyer1,*  | Bruno Lentzen1,2 | Karoline Spiess1 | Titus Keller2 | Kyriakos Martakis2,3  | Eckhard Schoenau1,2  \n1University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Center of Prevention and Rehabilitation, UniReha, Cologne, Germany 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Cologne, Germany  \n3Department of Pediatric Neurology, JustusLiebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany  \nCorrespondence  \nIbrahim Duran, University of Cologne, Centre of Prevention and Rehabilitation, UniReha GmbH, Lindenburger Allee 44, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.  \nEmail: [ibrahim.duran@uk-koeln.de](ibrahim.duran@uk-koeln.de)  \nAbstract  \nAim: To establish novel longitudinal reference values for the Gross Motor Function Measure-66 (GMFM-66) in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy aged 3 to 18 years, to enable more accurate assessments of changes in motor function. Method: This was a single-centre retrospective analysis of patients who participated in a rehabilitation programme between January 2006 and March 2022. The GMFM- 66 was used to measure gross motor function. Paired GMFM-66 measurements from the follow-up phase of the rehabilitation programme were used to establish a reference centile for the change in GMFM-66 over a 6-month period using the lambda–mu–sigma method.  \nResults: Reference centiles for GMFM-66 changes (over a 6-month period; ±1 month) were created using 1190 longitudinal data pairs of GMFM-66 measurements (mean age 8 years 4 months [standard deviation 7years 11 months] at start of follow-up), Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I to V. The z-scores for GMFM-66 change of a validation dataset by the new tool and the previously described method to quantify a change in GMFM-66 by individual effect size were highly correlated (Pearson's rank correlation coefficient 0.981 [95% confidence interval 0.979–0.984], p \u003C 0.001) Interpretation: The new reference values showed a high correlation with the previously published reference values, which were limited to an age range of 3 to 12 years. The new reference values can be applied from an age of 3 to 18 years. This facilitates the evaluation of medical treatment after a 6-month period also for children with cerebral palsy who are older than 12 years.  \nCerebral palsy (CP) is the most common movement disorder in childhood, the aetiology of which is a non-progressive lesion in the developing brain.1, 2 Clinical findings consist of various symptoms such as spasticity, dyskinesia, and ataxia that affect posture or movement.2 The prevalence of CP is 2 to 3 per 1000 live births according to the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe.3  \nChildren with CP require functional therapy. The aim of therapy is to minimize sequelae, such as skeletomuscular  \ncomplications and to promote development that improves participation in daily life.4 It is essential to evaluate the impact of therapy regularly to justify its continuation. For this purpose, a measurement procedure should be performed before the start of therapy as a baseline and after completion of therapy.5 A common measurement is the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), which is used to assess functional capacity in a standardized manner.6 There are different versions of the GMFM, which differ in the number of test items. The GMFM originally  \n\n| This original article is commented on by Rosenbaum on pages 153–154 of this issue.\u003Cbr>Abbreviations: GMFM, Gross Motor Function Measure; iES, individual effect size. |\n| --- |\n| *Joint first authors. |\n\nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n© 2025 The Author","cbCaietJBvTOt8yK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaietJBvTOt8yK","pdf",1568609,"English","# Abstract\n## Aim and Method\n## Results and Interpretation\n# Background and Rationale\n## Cerebral palsy, therapy evaluation, and GMFM\n## Need for longitudinal reference values","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of this study on GMFM-66 reference centiles?\",\"answer\":\"To establish new longitudinal reference values for GMFM-66 change over a 6-month period in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy aged 3 to 18 years, improving the assessment of motor function changes.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the longitudinal reference values calculated?\",\"answer\":\"Paired GMFM-66 measurements from follow-up after rehabilitation were used to generate reference centiles for change over 6 months using the lambda–mu–sigma method.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the results show compared with previously published reference values?\",\"answer\":\"The new reference values had a high correlation with previously published reference values, which had been limited to ages 3 to 12; the new values can be applied from age 3 to 18.\"}]","Longitudinal reference centiles for the Gross Motor Function Measure-66 in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy | PDF",1790687655,23]