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The preface explains how the two fields are tightly interwoven and traces their histories, rejecting the idea that such machines are merely engineer diversions. 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A logic diagram is a geometrical method for doing the same kind of work, and the book emphasizes how these two fields are closely intertwined.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why does the preface reject the idea that logic machines are only engineer amusements?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It argues that as automation expands, engineers and mathematicians face logical problems that go beyond purely mathematical form. Symbolic logic is said to be valuable for designing and simplifying switching circuits and supporting the logic needed by calculators.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What topics from the early chapters does the preface highlight for readers?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It points to uses of Venn circles, an explanation of a network diagram for propositional calculus, an exposition of a binary method, and instructions for making simple physical devices that identify valid and invalid syllogisms.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},657678,1792986194,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},137441390410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000252f4ab5702993?_k=1776741390130283984","LO GIC MA CHIN ESAN D DIA G RA M S  \nMartin Gardner  \nMcGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY,INC.New York Toronto London 1958  \nLOGIC MACHINES AND DIAGRAMS  \nCopyright   1958 by the McGraw-Hill Book Company,Inc.Printed in the United States of America.All rights reserved.This book,or parts thereof,may not be reproduced in anyform without permission of the publishers.  \nLibrary of Congress Catalog Card Number:58-6683  \nfor C.G.  \nWho thinks in a multivalued system all her own.  \n# Preface\n\nA logic machine is a device,electrical or mechanical,designed specifically for solving problems in formal logic.A logicdiagram is a geometrical method for doing the same thing.The twofields are closely intertwined,and this book is the first attempt inany language to trace their curious,fascinating histories.  \nLet no reader imagine that logic machines are merely the play-things of engineers who happen to have a recreational interest insymbolic logic.As we move with terrifying speed into an age ofautomation,the engineers and mathematicians who design ourautomata constantly encounter problems that are less mathemati-cal in form than logical.It has been discovered,for example,that symbolic logic can be applied fruitfully to the design andsimplification of switching circuits.It has been found that electroniccalculators often require elaborate logic units to tell them whatsteps to follow in tackling certain problems.And in the new fieldof operations research,annoying situations are constantly arisingfor which techniques of symbolic logic are surprisingly appropriate.The last chapter of this book suggests some of the ways in whichlogic machines may play essential roles in coping with the stagger-ing complexities of an automated technology.  \nAlthough the book consists for the most part of material drawnfrom widely separated and often relatively inaccessible books andjournals,it also contains much that has not previously been pub-lished;at least,not in a layman's language.The reader will find,  \nviii  \nfor example,some unfamiliar uses for the well known Venn circles;an explanation of a novel network diagram for solving problemsin the propositional calculus;a popular exposition of the newbinary method of handling the calculus;and instructions for makingquaint cardboard devices that identify valid syllogisms and showthe formal fallacies of invalid ones.  \nThe reader may wonder why so much of the first chapter isdevoted to the life and personality of Ramon Lull.The answer isthat Ramon's life is much more fascinating than his eccentric logic.Other logicians mentioned in the book may have been far fromdull to those who knew them,but with the possible exception ofLord Stanhope,recorded details of their lives are comparativelydrab and colorless.Lull's Quixotic career is little known outside ofSpain and France,and I make no apologies for introducing thereader to one of the most remarkable tragicomic figures of theMiddle Ages.  \nIn choosing symbols for the sentence connectives of the proposi-tional calculus I have adopted those employed by Professor AlonzoChurch in Volume I of his Introduction to Mathematical Logic,1956.The symbol for negation,～,I have used throughout,eventhough the logic under consideration may be the traditional classlogic or its modern formalization as Boolean algebra or the algebraof sets.In class logic it is customary to speak of a “complement”rather than a “negation”and to symbolize it as A or A',but in thisbook so little notation is used for the class logic that it seemed bestto avoid introducing special symbols for it.  \nI would like to thank George W.Patterson and Wolfe Mays fornumerous corrections and suggestions;William Burkhart for valu-able assistance in preparing the last two chapters;and my wife forall sorts of help in all sorts of ways.  \nMartin Gardner  \nContents  \nPREFACE  \n卫  \n1.The Ars Magna of Ramon Lull  \n282.Logic Diagrams  \n60  \n3.A Network Diagram for the Propositional Calculus  \n80  \n4.The Stanhope Demonstrator  \n91  \n5.Jevons's L","cbCailj0OOMstxXI","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailj0OOMstxXI","pdf",9629205,165,"English","# Preface\n## Purpose of logic machines and logic diagrams\n## Applications in switching circuits and calculators\n## Operations research and automation\n## Venn circles, network diagrams, and binary method\n## Ramon Lull and historical context\n## Symbol choice for logical connectives","[{\"question\":\"What is a logic machine and how does it relate to logic diagrams?\",\"answer\":\"A logic machine is a device designed to solve problems in formal logic. A logic diagram is a geometrical method for doing the same kind of work, and the book emphasizes how these two fields are closely intertwined.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the preface reject the idea that logic machines are only engineer amusements?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that as automation expands, engineers and mathematicians face logical problems that go beyond purely mathematical form. Symbolic logic is said to be valuable for designing and simplifying switching circuits and supporting the logic needed by calculators.\"},{\"question\":\"What topics from the early chapters does the preface highlight for readers?\",\"answer\":\"It points to uses of Venn circles, an explanation of a network diagram for propositional calculus, an exposition of a binary method, and instructions for making simple physical devices that identify valid and invalid syllogisms.\"}]","Logic Machines and Diagrams - Preface | PDF",416]