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This study develops the School District Autonomy Index (SDAI) using U.S. Census Bureau and National Center for Education Statistics data and state property-tax indicators. Exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical regression test links between district autonomy and achievement, showing that fiscal flexibility and administrative discretion relate positively to mathematics and SAT performance, while punitive oversight correlates negatively. Autonomy improves educational effectiveness only with institutional capacity and accountability.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/local-educational-autonomy-and-student-achievement-constructing-a-state-level-school-district-autonomy-index-in-the-united-states-602339/602339/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/local-educational-autonomy-and-student-achievement-constructing-a-state-level-school-district-autonomy-index-in-the-united-states-602339/602339.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dawugda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To construct the School District Autonomy Index (SDAI) and test how district autonomy relates to student achievement.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which data sources are used to build the autonomy index?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The analysis draws on U.S. Census Bureau data, the National Center for Education Statistics, and state property-tax indicators.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does fiscal flexibility and administrative discretion relate to achievement?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"They are positively associated with higher mathematics and SAT performance.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602339,1792209922,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747870947,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","| education policy analysis archives\u003Cbr>A peer-reviewed, independent, open access, multilingual journal | \u003Cbr>Arizona State University |\n| --- | --- |\n| Volume 34 Number 31 March 31 , 2026 ISSN 1068-2341 |  |\n\nLocal Educational Autonomy and Student Achievement: Constructing a State-Level School District Autonomy Index  \nin the United States  \nBongyoung Kim  \nGongju National University  \nRepublic of Korea  \n&  \nYong Hak Lee  \nMinistry of Education  \nRepublic of Korea  \nCitation: Kim, B., & Lee, Y. H. (2026) . Local educational autonomy and student achievement: Constructing a state-level school district autonomy index in the United States. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 34(31). [https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.34.9864](https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.34.9864)  \nAbstract: Drawing on data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the National Center for Education Statistics, and state property tax indicators, the analysis employs exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical regression to assess the relationship between district autonomy and student achievement. Results suggest that fiscal flexibility and administrative discretion are positively associated with higher mathematics and SAT performance, whereas punitive oversight mechanisms correlate negatively with performance. These findings underscore that autonomy enhances educational effectiveness only when accompanied by institutional capacity and accountability. By providing a replicable framework for measuring school district autonomy, this study advances empirical understanding of decentralization in K–12 education and offers  \npolicymakers a measurement framework for balancing local discretion with equitable governance.  \nKeywords: school district autonomy; decentralization; educational governance; fiscal capacity; student achievement  \nAutonomía educativa local y rendimiento estudiantil: Construcción de un índice estatal de autonomía de los distritos escolares en los Estados Unidos  \nResumen: Basándose en datos de la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, el Centro Nacional de Estadísticas de Educación y los indicadores estatales de impuestos a la propiedad, elanálisis emplea análisis factorial exploratorio y regresión jerárquica para evaluar la relación entre la autonomía distrital y el rendimiento estudiantil. Los resultados sugieren que la flexibilidad fiscal y la discrecionalidad administrativa se asocian positivamente con un mayor desempeño enmatemáticas y en el SAT, mientras que los mecanismos de supervisión punitiva se correlacionannegativamente con el rendimiento. Estos hallazgos subrayan que la autonomía mejora laefectividad educativa solo cuando va acompañada de capacidad institucional y rendición de cuentas. Al proporcionar un marco replicable para medir la autonomía de los distritos escolares, este estudio amplía la comprensión empírica de la descentralización en la educación K–12 yofrece a los responsables de políticas públicas un marco de medición para equilibrar la discreción local con una gobernanza equitativa.  \nPalabras clave: autonomía de los distritos escolares; descentralización; gobernanza educativa; capacidad fiscal; rendimiento estudiantil  \nAutonomia educacional local e desempenho estudantil: Construção de um índice estadual de autonomia dos distritos escolares nos Estados Unidos  \nResumo: Com base em dados do U. S. Census Bureau, do National Center for Education Statistics e de indicadores estaduais de impostos sobre a propriedade, a análise utiliza análise fatorial exploratória e regressão hierárquica para avaliar a relação entre a autonomia dos distritos escolares e o desempenho dos estudantes. Os resultados indicam que a flexibilidade fiscal e a discricionariedade administrativa estão positivamente associadas a um melhor desempenho emmatemática e no SAT, enquanto mecanismos de supervisão punitiva apresentam correlaçãonegativa com o desempenho. Esses achados ressaltam que a autonomia aumenta a eficácia educacional apenas quando acompanhada de capacidade in","cbCaioxmnOULLsI5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioxmnOULLsI5","pdf",483245,28,"English","# Abstract\n## Methods and data\n## Key findings\n## Implications and contributions\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of this study?\",\"answer\":\"To construct the School District Autonomy Index (SDAI) and test how district autonomy relates to student achievement.\"},{\"question\":\"Which data sources are used to build the autonomy index?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis draws on U.S. Census Bureau data, the National Center for Education Statistics, and state property-tax indicators.\"},{\"question\":\"How does fiscal flexibility and administrative discretion relate to achievement?\",\"answer\":\"They are positively associated with higher mathematics and SAT performance.\"}]","Local Educational Autonomy and Student Achievement - Constructing a State-Level School District Autonomy Index in the United States | PDF",1792094502,71]