[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-372201-105":59,"doc-detail-372201-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","living-bacteria-a-new-vehicle-for-vaccine-delivery-in-cancer-immunotherapy","Living Bacteria: A New Vehicle for Vaccine Delivery in Cancer Immunotherapy","","Cancer vaccines aim to reprogram the human immune system to eliminate tumor cells and have shown notable clinical promise, yet conventional delivery platforms struggle with direct tumor targeting and adequate antigen delivery under the hostile tumor microenvironment. Emerging findings indicate that specific bacteria can naturally home to tumors and actively reshape antitumor immunity. This review analyzes mechanisms of action, recent progress in bacterial chassis, and approaches for payload delivery and biocontainment to improve safety and broaden applicability.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/living-bacteria-a-new-vehicle-for-vaccine-delivery-in-cancer-immunotherapy/372201/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/living-bacteria-a-new-vehicle-for-vaccine-delivery-in-cancer-immunotherapy/372201.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are traditional cancer vaccine delivery systems limited?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They face difficulties in directly targeting tumor cells and delivering sufficient antigen amounts, especially within the hostile tumor microenvironment.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What advantages do living bacterial vehicles offer for cancer immunotherapy?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"They can colonize tumors, support precise drug delivery, and stimulate immune responses, making them a promising option for precision cancer vaccines.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What topics does the review cover regarding living bacteria-based vaccines?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"It examines mechanisms of action, progress in bacterial chassis, and strategies for specific payload delivery and biocontainment to enhance safety.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},372201,1790799778,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Review  \nLiving Bacteria: A New Vehicle for Vaccine Delivery in Cancer Immunotherapy  \nMin Yang †, Peiluan Zhong † and Pengcheng Wei *  \nAcademic Editor: Carmine Stolfi  \nReceived: 26 January 2025  \nRevised: 20 February 2025  \nAccepted: 24 February 2025  \nPublished: 26 February 2025  \nCitation: Yang, M.; Zhong, P.; Wei, P.  \nLiving Bacteria: ANew Vehicle for Vaccine Delivery in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 2056. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms26052056  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \nGuangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; [minyyang_93@outlook.com](minyyang_93@outlook.com) (M.Y.); [2328391063@st.gxu.edu.cn](2328391063@st.gxu.edu.cn) (P.Z.)  \n* [Correspondence: weipengcheng@gxu.edu.cn](Correspondence: weipengcheng@gxu.edu.cn)  \n† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract: Cancer vaccines, aimed at evolving the human immune system to eliminate tumor cells, have long been explored as a method of cancer treatment with significant clinical potential. Traditional delivery systems face significant challenges in directly targeting tumor cells and delivering adequate amounts of antigen due to the hostile tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that certain bacteria naturally home in on tumors and modulate antitumor immunity, making bacterial vectors a promising vehicle for precision cancer vaccines. Live bacterial vehicles offer several advantages, including tumor colonization, precise drug delivery, and immune stimulation, making them a compelling option for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of action behind living bacteria-based vaccines, recent progress in popular bacterial chassis, and strategies for specific payload delivery and biocontainment to ensure safety. These approaches will lay the foundation for developing an affordable, widely applicable cancer vaccine delivery system. This review also discusses the challenges and future opportunities in harnessing bacterial-based vaccines for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment.  \nKeywords: cancer vaccine; vaccine delivery; bacteria; immunotherapy  \n1. Introduction  \nCancer continues to be one of the most urgent global public health challenges, with its incidence and mortality rates steadily increasing [1,2] . Despite advancements in conventional therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, cancer patients often experience poor outcomes due to recurrence, metastasis, and the toxicities of treatment [3,4] . Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach in cancer treatment, harnessing the body’s immune system to target and eliminate established tumors, and is now considered one of the most promising therapeutic strategies [5,6] . Extensive research on novel cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cancer vaccines, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T and T cell receptor (TCR) therapies, have led to the clinical approval of several innovative treatments [7–10] . However, the clinical utility of cancer immunotherapies is often limited by factors such as poor patient response, life-threatening off-target side effects, long treatment timelines, and high costs [11–14] . For example, a range of inflammatory adverse effects, or immune-related adverse events (irAEs), can arise from the disinhibition of T cell function by ICIs [15] . Furthermore, despite 43% of patients qualifying for ICI treatment, only 12% actually benefit from it [16] . While CAR-T therapy has shown significant success in treating blood cancers, it is associated","cbCaif0gu3SYFeYb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaif0gu3SYFeYb","pdf",1389148,"English","# Introduction\n## Cancer immunotherapy and existing limitations\n## Renewed interest in cancer vaccines\n## Challenges and delivery platforms","[{\"question\":\"Why are traditional cancer vaccine delivery systems limited?\",\"answer\":\"They face difficulties in directly targeting tumor cells and delivering sufficient antigen amounts, especially within the hostile tumor microenvironment.\"},{\"question\":\"What advantages do living bacterial vehicles offer for cancer immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"They can colonize tumors, support precise drug delivery, and stimulate immune responses, making them a promising option for precision cancer vaccines.\"},{\"question\":\"What topics does the review cover regarding living bacteria-based vaccines?\",\"answer\":\"It examines mechanisms of action, progress in bacterial chassis, and strategies for specific payload delivery and biocontainment to enhance safety.\"}]","Living Bacteria: A New Vehicle for Vaccine Delivery in Cancer Immunotherapy | PDF",1790193962,48]