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Liquid biopsy offers a minimally invasive way to obtain tumor-derived biomarkers from blood, urine, sputum, and saliva by analyzing cfDNA, ctDNA, exosomes, miRNAs, circRNAs, CTCs, DNA methylation fragments, and more. Established predictive markers support lung cancer management, while newer liquid biopsy approaches aim to improve clinical sensitivity. Detecting EGFR mutations in plasma supports response prediction and monitoring of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Summarized here are emerging liquid-biopsy techniques, molecules, and specimen types, emphasizing faster laboratory turnaround and improved patient survival.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/liquid-biopsy-for-lung-cancer-up-to-date-and-perspectives-for-screening-programs-review/380858/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/liquid-biopsy-for-lung-cancer-up-to-date-and-perspectives-for-screening-programs-review/380858.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"anakgang17","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is lung cancer detection and diagnosis so challenging?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Lung cancer outcomes are strongly affected by late detection, which reduces overall survival. Even early-stage cases can still show poor five-year survival due to disease progression.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What makes liquid biopsy a minimally invasive alternative to tissue biopsy?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Liquid biopsy determines biomarkers from body fluids such as blood, urine, sputum, and saliva. Tumor cells release multiple analytes, enabling molecular profiling without highly invasive tissue procurement.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How are predictive biomarkers used in lung cancer management?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Predictive biomarkers, including EGFR mutations detected in plasma, support response prediction and treatment monitoring for patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Continued development focuses on more sensitive technologies for clinically relevant markers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},380858,1790336580,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},962090883568,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Review  \nLiquid Biopsy for Lung Cancer: Up-to-Date and Perspectives for Screening Programs  \nGiovanna Maria Stanfoca Casagrande 1,†, Marcela de Oliveira Silva 1,†, Rui Manuel Reis 1,2,3 and Let½cia Ferro Leal 1,4, *  \nCitation: Casagrande, G.M.S.; Silva, M.d.O.; Reis, R.M.; Leal, L.F. Liquid Biopsy for Lung Cancer: Up-to-Date and Perspectives for Screening Programs. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 2505. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms24032505  \nAcademic Editor: Laura Paleari  \nReceived: 17 November 2022  \nRevised: 9 December 2022  \nAccepted: 19 December 2022  \nPublished: 28 January 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, 1331 Rua Antenor Duarte Vilela, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil  \n2 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal  \n3 ICVS/3B's—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal  \n4 Barretos School of Medicine Dr. Paulo Prata—FACISB, Barretos 14785-002, Brazil  \n* Correspondence: [leticiaferro@hotmail.com](leticiaferro@hotmail.com)  \n† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract: Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer worldwide. Tissue biopsy is currently employed for the diagnosis and molecular stratification of lung cancer. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive approach to determine biomarkers from body fluids, such as blood, urine, sputum, and saliva. Tumor cells release cfDNA, ctDNA, exosomes, miRNAs, circRNAs, CTCs, and DNA methylated fragments, among others, which can be successfully used as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response. Predictive biomarkers are well-established for managing lung cancer, and liquid biopsy options have emerged in the last few years. Currently, detecting EGFR p.(Tyr790Met) mutation in plasma samples from lung cancer patients has been used for predicting response and monitoring tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKi)-treated patients with lung cancer. In addition, many efforts continue to bring more sensitive technologies to improve the detection of clinically relevant biomarkers for lung cancer. Moreover, liquid biopsy can dramatically decrease the turnaround time for laboratory reports, accelerating the beginning of treatment and improving the overall survival of lung cancer patients. Herein, we summarized all available and emerging approaches of liquid biopsy—techniques, molecules, and sample type—for lung cancer.  \nKeywords: liquid biopsy; lung cancer; biomarkers; precision medicine  \n1. Introduction  \nLung cancer has the highest incidence rate for cancer type and the second-highest mortality rate in the world [1] . The high mortality rates associated with lung cancer are mostly due to its late detection and diagnosis, leading to a decrease in these overall survival rates [2,3] . However, even patients diagnosed in the early stages of the disease and still during cancer's contained stage still show a poor five-years overall survival rate, which is lower than 60% compared to other cancer types. Despite the early detection, the poor prognosis is attributed to the disease progression [4] .  \nCigarette smoking and other tobacco exposure habits are the major risk factor for lung cancer, and it is associated with approximately 80% of all lung cancer cases [5,6] . However, additional risk factors associated with environmental and occupational exposures have also been linked to lung cancer development [7] . In addition to environmental risk factors, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have also been associated with a","cbCaitm8pBIjxPoX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitm8pBIjxPoX","pdf",1532473,22,"English","# Introduction\n## Burden and risk factors of lung cancer\n## Histological subtypes and prognosis\n## Role of molecular biomarkers and precision medicine\n# Liquid biopsy rationale and biomarker sources\n## Minimally invasive sample types\n## Tumor-derived molecular markers","[{\"question\":\"Why is lung cancer detection and diagnosis so challenging?\",\"answer\":\"Lung cancer outcomes are strongly affected by late detection, which reduces overall survival. Even early-stage cases can still show poor five-year survival due to disease progression.\"},{\"question\":\"What makes liquid biopsy a minimally invasive alternative to tissue biopsy?\",\"answer\":\"Liquid biopsy determines biomarkers from body fluids such as blood, urine, sputum, and saliva. Tumor cells release multiple analytes, enabling molecular profiling without highly invasive tissue procurement.\"},{\"question\":\"How are predictive biomarkers used in lung cancer management?\",\"answer\":\"Predictive biomarkers, including EGFR mutations detected in plasma, support response prediction and treatment monitoring for patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Continued development focuses on more sensitive technologies for clinically relevant markers.\"}]","Liquid Biopsy for Lung Cancer - Up-to-Date and Perspectives for Screening Programs - Review | PDF",1790242446,55]