[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-381029-105":59,"doc-detail-381029-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","liposomes-in-cancer-therapy-how-did-we-start-and-where-are-we-now","Liposomes in Cancer Therapy: How Did We Start and Where Are We Now","","Since their first discovery in the 1960s by Alec Bangham, liposomes have been shown to be effective drug delivery systems for treating various cancers. Several liposome-based formulations received approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), with many others in clinical trials. Liposomes improve pharmacokinetics, reduce systemic toxicity, extend circulation, and support tumor-site localization via the EPR mechanism. 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They are important because they function as effective drug delivery systems for treating various cancers.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What advantages do liposomes provide in delivering anticancer drugs?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Liposomes can improve pharmacokinetic behavior, reduce systemic toxicity, extend circulation time, and enhance drug disposition at tumor sites through the EPR mechanism.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What limitations and research needs remain for liposome translation into clinical use?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Liposomes still face potential toxicity concerns and limitations in specific targeting and disposition. These issues contribute to incremental clinical progress and require further research to address translational constraints.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},381029,1790269878,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},4398048949847,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002536579ef2da7f?_k=1778318612642679267","Review  \nLiposomes in Cancer Therapy: How Did We Start and Where Are We Now  \nMelody D. Fulton 1 and Wided Najahi-Missaoui 2, *  \nCitation: Fulton, M.D.;  \nNajahi-Missaoui, W. Liposomes in Cancer Therapy: How Did We Start and Where Are We Now. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 6615. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms24076615](10.3390/ijms24076615)  \nAcademic Editors: Peter J.K. Kuppen, Carmine Stolfi and Massimo Nabissi  \nReceived: 28 February 2023  \nRevised: 28 March 2023  \nAccepted: 29 March 2023  \nPublished: 1 April 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA  \n2 Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA  \n* [Correspondence: mwided@uga.edu](Correspondence: mwided@uga.edu); Tel.: +1-706-542-6552  \nAbstract: Since their first discovery in the 1960s by Alec Bangham, liposomes have been shown to be effective drug delivery systems for treating various cancers. Several liposome-based formulations received approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), with many others in clinical trials. Liposomes have several advantages, including improved pharmacokinetic properties of the encapsulated drug, reduced systemic toxicity, extended circulation time, and targeted disposition in tumor sites due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) mechanism. However, it is worth noting that despite their efficacy in treating various cancers, liposomes still have some potential toxicity and lack specific targeting and disposition. This explains, in part, why their translation into the clinic has progressed only incrementally, which poses the need for more research to focus on addressing such translational limitations. This review summarizes the main properties of liposomes, their current status in cancer therapy, and their limitations and challenges to achieving maximal therapeutic efficacy.  \nKeywords: liposomes; PEGylation; cancer; anticancer therapy; nanoparticle; targeted drug delivery  \n1. Introduction: Cancer and Chemotherapy  \nCancer is the second leading cause of death and constitutes a major public health burden worldwide [1,2] . In the United States, it is estimated that one in three women and one in two men will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetimes [3] . Prostate and breast cancers account for the most common non-cutaneous cancers among men and women, respectively, in addition to lung cancer [1] . In fact, the World Health Organization listed breast cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide in 2020 [4] . Cancer isclassified according to its staging number, which helps clinicians (and patients) assess the extent of the tumor. The most clinically useful staging system is the TNM staging, which refers to tumor, node, and metastasis, respectively. This system was developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and has since been referred to as the AJCC TNM system [5] . The TNM staging system assesses the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and any evidence of distant metastasis (M) . Tis usually associated to a number that can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 . Numbers after the T (such as T1, T2, T3, and T4) describe the tumor size and/or cancer spread to nearby structures. A higher T number indicates a larger tumor size and/or increased cancer invasion to local tissues [5,6] .  \nTreatment options for cancer depend on many factors, including the stage, age, and patient comorbidity. Prostatectomy and mastectomy are t","cbCaimpZojWU3qRs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimpZojWU3qRs","pdf",1477510,23,"English","# Introduction: Cancer and Chemotherapy\n## Cancer staging and TNM system\n## Major treatment options and limitations\n## Chemotherapy resistance mechanisms","[{\"question\":\"When were liposomes first discovered and why are they important for cancer therapy?\",\"answer\":\"Liposomes were first discovered in the 1960s by Alec Bangham. They are important because they function as effective drug delivery systems for treating various cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"What advantages do liposomes provide in delivering anticancer drugs?\",\"answer\":\"Liposomes can improve pharmacokinetic behavior, reduce systemic toxicity, extend circulation time, and enhance drug disposition at tumor sites through the EPR mechanism.\"},{\"question\":\"What limitations and research needs remain for liposome translation into clinical use?\",\"answer\":\"Liposomes still face potential toxicity concerns and limitations in specific targeting and disposition. These issues contribute to incremental clinical progress and require further research to address translational constraints.\"}]","Liposomes in Cancer Therapy: How Did We Start and Where Are We Now | PDF",1790243230,58]