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The material introduces ls for listing files, explains hidden files and command options, and covers mkdir and cd for creating and moving between directories. 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If you use either of these facilities for research work which results in a publication you should acknowledge this with one of the following statements:  \nThis research used the ALICE High Performance Computing Facility at the University of Leicester  \nor  \nThis research used the SPECTRE High Performance Computing Facility at the University of Leicester  \nTutorial One  \n1.1 Listing files and directories (ls)  \nWhen you first login, your current working directory is your home directory. Your home directory has the same name as your user-name, for example, nye1 , and it is where your personal files and subdirectories are saved.  \nTo find out what is in your home directory type  \nls  \nThe ls command lists the contents of your current working directory.  \nHowever, it does not cause all the files in your home directory to be listed, but only those ones whose name does not begin with a dot ( . ) Files beginning with a dot ( . ) are known as hidden files and usually contain important program configuration information. They are hidden because you should not change them unless you are familiar with Linux.  \nTo list all files in your home directory including those whose names begin with a dot, type  \nls -a  \nls is an example of a command which can take options: -a is an example of an option. The options change the behaviour of the command. There are online manual pages that tell you what options a particular command can take, and how each option modifies the behaviour of the command. The online manual command is covered in tutorial 4.3.  \nls -l  \nls -lt  \nls -lS  \nls -lrS  \nls -lrt  \n1.2 Making Directories (mkdir)  \nWe will now make a subdirectory in your home directory to hold the files you will be creating and using in the course of this tutorial. To make a subdirectory called unixstuff in your current working directory type  \nmkdir unixstuff  \nTo see the directory you have just created, type  \nls  \n1.3 Changing to a different directory (cd)  \nThe command cd directory means change the current working directory to 'directory' . The current working directory may be thought of as the directory you are in, i.e. your current position in the file-system tree.  \nTo change to the directory you have just made, type  \ncd unixstuff  \nType ls to see the contents (which should be empty)  \nExercise 1a  \nMake another directory inside the unixstuff directory called backups  \n1.4 The directories . and ..  \nStill in the unixstuff directory, type  \nls -a  \nAs you can see, in the unixstuff directory (and in all other directories), there are two special directories called . and ..  \nIn Linux . means the current directory, so typing  \ncd .  \nThere is a space between cd and the dot. There is normally always a space between the command and the argument.  \nThis may not seem very useful at first, but using ( . ) as the name of the current directory will save a lot of typing, as we shall see later in the tutorial. ( ..) means the parent of the current directory, so typing  \ncd ..  \nwill take you one directory up the hierarchy (back to your home directory) . Try it now.  \nTyping cd with no argument always returns you to your home directory. This is very useful if you are lost in the file system.  \n1.5 Pathnames (pwd)  \nPathnames enable you to work out where you are in relation to the whole file-system. For example, to find out the absolute pathname of your home-directory, type cd to get back to your home-directory and then type  \npwd  \n/home/n/nye1  \nExercise 1b  \nUse the commands ls, pwd and cd to explore the file system.  \n(Remember, if you get lost, type cd by itself to return to your home-directory)  \n1.6 More about home directories and pathnames  \nUnderstand","cbCaivdWH7EDXDpu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivdWH7EDXDpu","pdf",842174,49,"English","# Tutorial One\n## Listing files and directories (ls)\n## Making Directories (mkdir)\n## Changing to a different directory (cd)\n## The directories . and ..\n## Pathnames (pwd)\n## More about home directories and pathnames\n## Shell Shortcuts for bash\n# Tutorial Two\n## Copying Files and Directories (cp)","[{\"question\":\"How do I list files in my home directory with ls, including hidden files?\",\"answer\":\"Use ls to list visible entries. Use ls -a to include files whose names start with a dot (hidden files).\"},{\"question\":\"What do . and .. mean in Linux directory navigation?\",\"answer\":\"In a directory, . refers to the current directory. .. refers to the parent directory, so cd .. moves you one level up.\"},{\"question\":\"How can I find the absolute path of the current directory?\",\"answer\":\"Use pwd after returning to your home directory with cd (or cd by itself) to display the absolute pathname of your current directory.\"}]","Linux Tutorial - Version 1.21 - Learn Linux command basics | PDF",123]