[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-122608-en":3,"doc-seo-122608-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},122608,1099513958607,"Jiven","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399",6,"Technology","LF-checker - Machine Learning Acceleration of Bounded Model Checking for Concurrency Verification - Competition Contribution","LF-checker is a metaverifier tool that accelerates bounded model checking for concurrency verification using machine learning. It extracts multiple program features from the input C program and trains a decision tree to predict the optimal configuration flags of ESBMC. The approach is specialized for concurrency verification and uses ESBMC as the back-end verification engine. Results show LF-checker delivers improved performance over ESBMC default settings, producing 34% more correct results in the ConcurrencySafety category of SV-COMP 2023.","[ cs .LG] 22 Jan 2023  \nLF-checker: Machine Learning Acceleration of Bounded Model Checking for Concurrency Veri􀀜cation (Competition Contribution)  \nTong Wu1 , Edoardo Manino 1 , Fatimah Aljaafari1 , Pavlos Petoumenos 1 , and  \nLucas C. Cordeiro 1 (􀀌)  \nUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom  \n[lucas.cordeiro@manchester.ac.uk](lucas.cordeiro@manchester.ac.uk)  \nAbstract. We describe and evaluate LF-checker, a metaveri􀀜er tool based on machine learning. It extracts multiple features of the program under test and predicts the optimal con􀀜guration (􀀝ags) of a bounded model checker with a decision tree. Our current work is specialised in  \narXiv :230 1 .09142v1  \nconcurrency veri􀀜cation and employs ESBMC as a back-end veri􀀜cation engine. In the paper, we demonstrate that LF-checker achieves better results than the default con􀀜guration of the underlying veri􀀜cation engine.  \nKeywords: Software Veri􀀜cation · Bounded Model Checking · Concurrency · Machine Learning.  \n1 Overview  \nBounded Model Checking (BMC) has been successfully applied to prove whether a piece of software meets the expected requirements. However, when the software features concurrent execution, the main challenge becomes exploring the exponentially growing program state space. For this reason, there have been many e􀀛orts to improve BMC for concurrent software, including sequentialization [5], dedicated theories for multi-threaded programs [4] or combining BMC with fuzzing [1] . A state-of-the-art example of such e􀀛orts is ESBMC, an e􀀞cient SMT-based bounded model checker for C and C++ programs [3] . More specifically, ESBMC explores each thread interleaving up to a maximum number of context switches [2] .  \nIn order to control the program states explosion, BMC tools like ESBMC can be executed with di􀀛erent settings (􀀝ags) . These 􀀝ags control the various mathematical techniques used by the BMC tool. Unfortunately, expert knowledge is required to set the optimal 􀀝ags for a given concurrent program. As a consequence, BMC tools are often executed with their default settings, which leads to compromises in their performance.  \nIn this paper, we introduce the metaveri􀀜er tool LF-checker (learn-fromthe-checker), which is able to predict the optimal 􀀝ags for a given concurrent program. Speci􀀜cally, LF-checker uses ESBMC [3] as a back-end veri􀀜er, and predicts its optimal settings with a decision tree. The decision tree is trained to  \n2 Tong Wu et al.  \nFig. 1: Work􀀝ow of LF-checker. The grey boxes represent the inputs and outputs, and the white boxes represent the running process.  \nrecognise relevant features of the input C program. Overall, LF-checker outputs 34% more correct results than the default setting of ESBMC in the ConcurrencySafety category of SV-COMP 2023 .  \n2 Software Architecture  \nThe general work􀀝ow of LF-checker is shown in Fig. 1. First, we analyse the source code of the program-under-test (PUT), and extract useful features. Then, we pass these features to the ML model, which predicts the best 􀀝ags for ESBMC. Finally, we run ESBMC on the PUT with these 􀀝ags, with the objective of proving or disproving a given safety property. Since our contribution is centered around the ML model, we share the details of its design below.  \nBack-end Veri􀀜cation Engine (ESBMC) . ESBMC exposes a large number of 􀀝ags that regulate its veri􀀜cation strategy for concurrent program. We list them in Table 3 together with their type and default values.  \nFeature Engineering. We compute the abstract syntax tree of the PUT [6], and extract all possible veri􀀜cation-relevant features from it. For the sake of brevity, we list them in Table 2.  \nTraining Set Labeling. The training set contains 20% of the benchmarks in the unreach-call.ConcurrencySafety category in SV-COMP 2023 . For each of the 153 training benchmarks, we run ESBMC for 3 minutes with 240 di􀀛erent combinations of 􀀝ags. These 􀀝ag combinations were chosen among those that improved the veri􀀜cation result th","cbCaieOoiSprYEe0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieOoiSprYEe0","pdf",118602,1,5,"English","en",105,"# Overview\n# Software Architecture\n## Back-end Verification Engine (ESBMC)\n## Feature Engineering\n## Training Set Labeling\n## Machine Learning Model\n## Runtime Flag Prediction","[{\"question\":\"What does LF-checker predict for concurrent programs?\",\"answer\":\"LF-checker predicts the optimal set of ESBMC configuration flags for a given concurrent program by using a decision tree trained on extracted program features.\"},{\"question\":\"How is ESBMC used within LF-checker?\",\"answer\":\"ESBMC serves as the back-end bounded model checking engine, running the program under test with the predicted flags to prove or disprove the specified safety property.\"},{\"question\":\"What advantage does LF-checker provide over ESBMC default settings?\",\"answer\":\"LF-checker achieves better verification results than the default ESBMC configuration, outputting 34% more correct results in the ConcurrencySafety category of SV-COMP 2023.\"}]","LF-checker - Machine Learning Acceleration of Bounded Model Checking for Concurrency Verification - Competition Contribution | PDF",1785811710,13,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"lf-checker-machine-learning-acceleration-of-bounded-model-checking-for-concurrency-verification-competition-contribution","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/lf-checker-machine-learning-acceleration-of-bounded-model-checking-for-concurrency-verification-competition-contribution/122608/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-04",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What does LF-checker predict for concurrent programs?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"LF-checker predicts the optimal set of ESBMC configuration flags for a given concurrent program by using a decision tree trained on extracted program features.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How is ESBMC used within LF-checker?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"ESBMC serves as the back-end bounded model checking engine, running the program under test with the predicted flags to prove or disprove the specified safety property.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What advantage does LF-checker provide over ESBMC default settings?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"LF-checker achieves better verification results than the default ESBMC configuration, outputting 34% more correct results in the ConcurrencySafety category of SV-COMP 2023.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,109,112,117,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},50,"technology",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]