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It frames vocabulary knowledge as comprising receptive knowledge (recognition of words in reading/listening) and productive knowledge (appropriate use in writing/speaking). Lexical testing is presented as essential for determining reading ability and for monitoring vocabulary development across both dimensions. The modified VKS is pilot-tested with 28 Malaysian university-level remedial English learners and analyzed for stability across similar samples, producing reliability indicators that support its feasibility for comparable cohorts.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/lexical-testing-and-the-reliability-of-the-modified-vocabulary-knowledge-scale/589481/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/lexical-testing-and-the-reliability-of-the-modified-vocabulary-knowledge-scale/589481.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Terk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the paper define vocabulary knowledge for lexical testing?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Vocabulary knowledge is described as two dimensions: receptive knowledge (recognizing words when seen or heard) and productive knowledge (using words appropriately in writing or speaking).","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the modified Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (VKS) used for in this study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The modified VKS measures vocabulary knowledge by prompting learners to demonstrate both receptive knowledge and productive use of lexical items. The study uses it to assess reliability for similar learner cohorts.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How was reliability evaluated for the modified VKS?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The modified VKS was pilot-tested on 28 university-level Malaysian remedial English learners. 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Although there is no consensus as to what actually constitutes vocabulary knowledge, the notion that it is made up of receptive knowledge (words recognised or known when seen or heard) and productive knowledge (words appropriately used when we write or speak) is widely accepted. Lexical testing is important for various reasons, chiefly to determine reading ability which requires the use of a size test, and to monitor overall vocabulary development which necessitates the use of a test measuring both receptive and productive knowledge (for instance, the modified VKS) . The modified VKS was pilot-tested on 28 university-level Malaysian remedial English language learners and analysed for ‘reliability as stability over similar samples’. Data analyses returned values indicating the test to be reliable, thus presenting it as a feasible option for use among similar cohorts. This is of significance to scholars, researchers, language instructors and curriculum designers intending to employ the test in their own research, classrooms and literacy programmes.  \nKeywords: lexical testing, receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge, modified Vocabulary Knowledge Scale, reliability, tertiary learners  \n1. Introduction  \n1.1 Vocabulary Knowledge  \nVocabulary knowledge has been defined differently by different researchers, with varying opinions as to what it means to know a word. Anderson and Freebody (1981) parodied this by stating the following:  \n“It is not clear that, if Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell were left alone ina room for three hours, they could decide that they really knew the meaning of  \n‘dog’.”(p. 90)  \nSchmitt and Meara (1997) grouped vocabulary knowledge into three broad dimensions: form, meaning and use. Henriksen (1999), meanwhile, in tandem with the position that vocabulary knowledge is multidimensional, put forth that vocabulary knowledge comprises three components: 1) partial-to-precise knowledge (varying degrees of understanding), 2) depth-of-knowledge (demonstrating word knowledge’s multifaceted nature), and 3) receptiveproductive dimension (an individual’s comprehension and production abilities) .  \nFundamentally, vocabulary knowledge comprises two forms: the receptive dimension and the productive dimension. The former consists of words that we know when we see or hear them, whereas words that we use appropriately when we write or speak are considered productive vocabulary knowledge (Lehr, Osborn, & Hiebert, 2004) .  \nWith regards to receptive vocabulary knowledge, Nation (1990) suggested that its more commonly accepted feature is the ability to recognise word form and retrieve meaning in reading and listening. As for the productive dimension, it is the ability to use words correctly to express a certain meaning through writing or speaking (Nation, ibid.) . Additionally, Nation (2001) remarked that a learner’s understanding of a particular word is reflected in his or h","cbCaib7YUBRGqiQ1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaib7YUBRGqiQ1","pdf",171000,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n## 1.1 Vocabulary Knowledge\n## 1.2 Lexical Testing","[{\"question\":\"How does the paper define vocabulary knowledge for lexical testing?\",\"answer\":\"Vocabulary knowledge is described as two dimensions: receptive knowledge (recognizing words when seen or heard) and productive knowledge (using words appropriately in writing or speaking).\"},{\"question\":\"What is the modified Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (VKS) used for in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The modified VKS measures vocabulary knowledge by prompting learners to demonstrate both receptive knowledge and productive use of lexical items. The study uses it to assess reliability for similar learner cohorts.\"},{\"question\":\"How was reliability evaluated for the modified VKS?\",\"answer\":\"The modified VKS was pilot-tested on 28 university-level Malaysian remedial English learners. Data analyses focused on reliability as stability over similar samples.\"}]","Lexical Testing and the Reliability of the Modified Vocabulary Knowledge Scale | PDF",1792067441,15]