[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-371119-105":59,"doc-detail-371119-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","leveraging-t-cells-for-cancer-immunotherapy","Leveraging T cells for cancer immunotherapy","","T cells are critical to tumour prevention and control, yet tumours often evade or disrupt anti-tumour T cell responses, driving progression and malignant disease. Cancer immunotherapy seeks to repair this breakdown in T cell-mediated immunity and restore functional anti-tumour activity. Despite major improvements in patient prognoses, many patients still fail to achieve durable therapeutic responses. This review explains how T cells regulate tumour progression and how soluble, cellular, and vaccine-based immunotherapies attempt to restore effective anti-tumour immunity.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/leveraging-t-cells-for-cancer-immunotherapy/371119/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/leveraging-t-cells-for-cancer-immunotherapy/371119.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"acoobca","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is T cell function essential for controlling cancer progression?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"T cells are central to tumour prevention and control. When anti-tumour T cell responses are avoided or disrupted, tumour progression and malignant disease can follow.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What main goal does cancer immunotherapy pursue regarding T cells?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Immunotherapy aims to address the breakdown in T cell-mediated anti-tumour immunity and restore T cell function so cancerous cells can be eliminated.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How do T cells become activated to execute anti-tumour responses?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Activation requires TCR–pMHC engagement (signal 1) plus co-stimulation (signal 2) and cytokine signalling such as IL-2, which together drive functional responses for elimination of diseased cells.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},371119,1790411907,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},3985747870733,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Bates et al. Immunity & Inflammation (2025) 1:9 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s44466-025-00007-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s44466-025-00007-z)  \nImmunity & In  \nammation  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nLeveraging T cells for cancer immunotherapy  \nAdam Bates1,2, Nicole E. Fletcher 1,2, Fei Gao2, Mariana Pereira Pinho1,2 and Tao Dong1,2*  \nAbstract  \nT cells play an essential role in tumour prevention and control, however, avoidance or disruption of anti-tumour T cell responses frequently leads to tumour progression and malignant disease. Immunotherapy aims to address this breakdown inT cell-mediated anti-tumour immunity and restore T cell function to promote the elimination of cancerous cells. Although immunotherapy has led to drastic improvements in patient prognoses across a range of clinical setting, most patients still fail to exhibit a durable therapeutic response.  \nIn this review we discuss the role ofT cells in controlling tumour progression, how T cell immunity is avoided or disrupted in the context of malignant disease, and the mechanisms by which soluble, cellular, or vaccine-based immunotherapies aim to restore anti-tumour T cell responses. This review does not aim to provide a comprehensive summary of approved immunotherapies, nor does it focus on the logistical challenges faced during the development or clinical application of immunotherapy. Instead, this review aims to highlight the mechanisms by which different therapeutic approaches address, or fail to address, specific aspects of the breakdown inT cell-mediated anti-tumour immunity. This review will also discuss exciting pre-and early-stage clinical developments that may improve the therapeutic efficacy and applicability of these treatments by more comprehensively addressing the challenges faced by T cells to improve patient prognoses.  \nKeywords T Cells, Cancer, Immunotherapy, Adoptive cell transfer, Immune checkpoint blockade, Vaccination  \nA brief introduction toT cells  \nT cells are a functionally diverse component of the adaptive immune system that recognise diseased cells through their T cell receptor (TCR) binding to peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) or MHC-like molecules.  \nThe TCR, a polymorphic member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) super-family, functions as an αβ or γδ heterodimer and determines T cell specificity [1–8]. While γδ T cells can exhibit anti-tumour activity [9, 10], this review focuses on canonical αβ T cells restricted to pMHC. The variable antigen-binding region of each chain is formed during thymic development via somatic recombination of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes, and the addition of non-template nucleotides at gene junctions  \n*Correspondence: Tao Dong [tao.dong@ndm.ox.ac.uk](tao.dong@ndm.ox.ac.uk)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n[11, 12], yielding an estimated diversity exceeding 108 unique TCRs per person [13]. This enables recognition of a wide range of antigenic peptides including those specific to, or enriched in, malignant cells.  \nSuccessful activation of T cells requires TCR-pMHC engagement (\"signal 1\"), alongside co-stimulation (\"signal 2\"), e.g. engaging cluster of differentiation (CD) 28 with CD80/86 [14] or tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9 or 4-1BB) with 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) [15], and interleukin (IL) 2 signalling [16] triggers a range of functional responses that promote the elimination of diseased cells. The TCR has no inherent signalling ability and relies on CD3, a multimeric εγ-εδ-ζζ - tri-dimer for signal transduction [17, 18] . The degree of T activation and resulting effector function depends on the balance of activatory signalling from the TCR-CD3 complex and co-stimulatory molecules, and inhibitory signalling from co-inhibitory receptors [19] which are acquired  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License","cbCaitsoFS8HBKVa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitsoFS8HBKVa","pdf",4713198,25,"English","# Abstract\n## Role of T cells in tumour control\n## Mechanisms of T cell evasion or disruption\n## Immunotherapy approaches to restore anti-tumour responses\n## Activation signals and TCR-pMHC recognition\n## Co-stimulation, cytokines, and T cell signalling\n## Effector functions of activated T cells","[{\"question\":\"Why is T cell function essential for controlling cancer progression?\",\"answer\":\"T cells are central to tumour prevention and control. When anti-tumour T cell responses are avoided or disrupted, tumour progression and malignant disease can follow.\"},{\"question\":\"What main goal does cancer immunotherapy pursue regarding T cells?\",\"answer\":\"Immunotherapy aims to address the breakdown in T cell-mediated anti-tumour immunity and restore T cell function so cancerous cells can be eliminated.\"},{\"question\":\"How do T cells become activated to execute anti-tumour responses?\",\"answer\":\"Activation requires TCR–pMHC engagement (signal 1) plus co-stimulation (signal 2) and cytokine signalling such as IL-2, which together drive functional responses for elimination of diseased cells.\"}]","Leveraging T cells for cancer immunotherapy | PDF",1790191289,63]