[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-133579-en":3,"doc-seo-133579-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},133579,549768702563,"Fahsai","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083",8,"Research & Report","Legislation From the Past Speaks to Us Today - The Mundt-Nixon Bill - Analysis","文章以“过去的立法为何能在今天发声”为核心视角，聚焦美国参议院内部安全分委会推动的《Mundt-Nixon法案》（又称《Subversive Activities Control Bill》），论述其在冷战氛围下如何借由恐惧叙事与媒体动员，将“内在威胁”与国家安全概念绑缚起来。文中结合麦迪逊、富兰克林与尼采等引文，以及对尼克松调查工会、推动限制措施及其政治后果的梳理，揭示公民自由与安全界限在压力下如何弯折、破裂乃至消失。","Legislation From the Past Speaks to Us Today:  \nThe Mundt-Nixon Bill  \nRoger J. Thompson  \nHe who fights with monsters should be careful lesthe thereby become a monster. And if thou gaze long into an abyss, the abyss will also gaze into thee.  \nFriedrich Nietzsche  \n“There exist in the United States and elsewhere in the world terrorist groups. Many are part of international terrorist networks. These networks and groups engage in kidnappings, extortion, and other acts of violence”(Littman 1975:33-34) . Surprisingly, that declaration was not made in the aftermath of the devastating terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. It was made halfa century earlier by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee. Such rhetorical declarations inspired fear among the populous, extracted attention from the media, and furthered the ambitions of politicians sitting on the committee. Representatives Karl Mundt of South Dakota and Richard Nixon of California engineered a House bill that extorted national paranoia for personal gain. Nixon was hailed by some of his colleagues, such as Representative Ben F. Jensen, as “oneof the greatest patriots in all American history”(Congressional Record 1951:A4295-A8014) . James Madison wrote in Federalist Paper No. 41 that,“Security against foreign danger is one of the primitive objects of civil society”(Littman 1975:19) . In light of Madison’s remark, Nixon and Mundt were merely indulging in their civic duty. But perhaps they should have listened to different echoes from the past, such as the apparently faint voice of Benjamin Franklin who wrote in 1759,“They that give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety”(Ignatief 2001:21). As we enter a new era of national insecurity, it becomes imperative that we listen to the past; that we do not ignore the wise voice of Franklin.  \nOf course it was not al Qaeda who sponsored and funded these alleged terrorist organizations in the 1950s, but  \nMarxist-Leninists governments. On May 21, 1948, the U.S. House of Representatives overwhelmingly passed the Mundt-Nixon bill. It was the product of mass hysteria, an imaginative media, and unscrupulous politicians hoping to capitalize off public sentiment at the expense of others’ civil liberties. The Mundt-Nixon Bill, or the Subversive Activities Control Bill, embodies the essence of how the Cold War affected domestic public policy in the United States. But perhaps more importantly, it has come to symbolize policy making in the United States when under the duress of an internal threat and theresolve of a shaken public. In such circumstances, the line between civil liberties and security bends, fractures, and occasionally even disappears. A poll taken after the September 11 attacks reinforces this  \nidea – seventy percent of Americans are willing to give up some of their civil liberties in exchange for greater security (Morin 2002: A7) .  \nNixon learned from the Russian Revolution that a minority of dedicated revolutionaries could effectively usurp the government’s authority. Nixon helped investigate a union that had been on strike for ten months against the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company in Milwaukee. He examined how a small group of communists came to dominate an 8,700-member union “by clever parliamentary tactics, violence, intimidation, and dishonest ballot counting.” In actuality, communists in leadership positions in various unions had more to do with their initial interest in creating them with the intention of improving working conditions and wages. Yet,“Nixon became convinced that small numbers of Communists were capable of controlling large unions,” and perhaps capable of controlling larger organizations altogether (Gellman 1999:115) . His solution was legislation to force Communists into the “sunlight” and destroy the subversive philosophy by selling democracy and the American way of life (Gellman 1999:115) .  \nThe bill symbolically declared,“","cbCaimIGIUPG6qZi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimIGIUPG6qZi","pdf",54088,1,7,"English","en",105,"# The Mundt-Nixon Bill\n## Origins in Cold-War fear and security rhetoric\n## Nixon’s view of communist influence and legislative strategy\n## Registration, restrictions, and the shift underground\n## Author reflections on political consequences","[{\"question\":\"Mundt-Nixon法案在文中被如何概括其核心意义？\",\"answer\":\"文中认为该法案体现了冷战如何影响美国国内公共政策，并在“内部威胁”与民众不安的压力下，逐渐模糊甚至消解公民自由与国家安全之间的界限。\"},{\"question\":\"尼克松在推动该法案时想实现什么样的治理目标？\",\"answer\":\"文中指出尼克松受俄国革命启示，认为少数坚定革命者能颠覆权力，因此主张通过立法让“共产主义进入阳光”，并以“民主与美国生活方式”的名义打击其“颠覆性理念”。\"},{\"question\":\"法案要求注册与限制如何改变共产党的行动方式？\",\"answer\":\"文中强调，要求向司法部长登记、限制联邦雇员参与、拒发护照等措施会使相关人员更不愿公开活动，转而采取隐蔽方式开展运作与会议。\"}]","Legislation From the Past Speaks to Us Today - The Mundt-Nixon Bill - Analysis | PDF",1787222607,18,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"legislation-from-the-past-speaks-to-us-today-the-mundt-nixon-bill-analysis","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/legislation-from-the-past-speaks-to-us-today-the-mundt-nixon-bill-analysis/133579/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-22","2026-08-20",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"Mundt-Nixon法案在文中被如何概括其核心意义？","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"文中认为该法案体现了冷战如何影响美国国内公共政策，并在“内部威胁”与民众不安的压力下，逐渐模糊甚至消解公民自由与国家安全之间的界限。","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"尼克松在推动该法案时想实现什么样的治理目标？",{"text":81,"@type":77},"文中指出尼克松受俄国革命启示，认为少数坚定革命者能颠覆权力，因此主张通过立法让“共产主义进入阳光”，并以“民主与美国生活方式”的名义打击其“颠覆性理念”。",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"法案要求注册与限制如何改变共产党的行动方式？",{"text":85,"@type":77},"文中强调，要求向司法部长登记、限制联邦雇员参与、拒发护照等措施会使相关人员更不愿公开活动，转而采取隐蔽方式开展运作与会议。","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]