[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-665506-105":59,"doc-detail-665506-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","lecture-6-computer-hardware-memory","Lecture 6 - Computer Hardware, Memory","","Lecture #6 focuses on computer memory fundamentals and how programs use memory during execution. It explains memory addressing with numbered bytes, introduces hexadecimal notation for representing addresses, and distinguishes RAM from other memory types. The lecture covers stack and heap usage for parameters, local variables, and stored objects, highlights risks such as memory leaks, and notes garbage collection. It also reviews CPU caches (L1/L2/L3), memory-mapped I/O, and ROM in computer startup firmware instructions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":30,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/lecture-6-computer-hardware-memory/665506/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/lecture-6-computer-hardware-memory/665506.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blitz","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How are memory addresses represented in this lecture?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Memory is organized as sequential numbered bytes, and addresses are represented using hexadecimal notation with a 0x prefix. Internally, addresses are represented in binary, and the lecture example uses 8 hex digits corresponding to 32-bits.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is RAM and how does it differ from sequential access devices?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"RAM is Random Access Memory, meaning any element can be accessed immediately by using its memory address. The lecture contrasts this with sequential access (e.g., magnetic tape), where reaching a byte requires moving through preceding data.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do the call stack and heap relate to program memory usage?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The call stack stores parameters and local variables when functions are called. The heap stores objects, and improper heap use can lead to memory leaks; some languages mitigate this with garbage collectors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},665506,1793304558,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":29,"category_name":30,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":143},24464137899374,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Lecture \\#6: Computer Hardware (Memory) CS106E Spring 2018, Young  \nIn this lecture we explore computer memory. We begin by looking at the basics. All memory is numbered, with each byte having its own address. We take a look at the Random Access Memory (RAM) that composes most of main memory. We also consider some other items that may appear in the main memory address space, such as special access to Input/Output devices using Memory Mapped IO.  \nNext, we explore the sections of memory that are used by a typical program. We take a closer look at the Call Stack used to store parameters and local variables when functions are called and we study the Heap which is used to store objects. As we will see, improper use of the heap may lead to Memory Leaks. Some languages avoid this by managing memory for a programmer and use Garbage Collectors to ensure no memory is leaked.  \nModern CPUs in addition to the registers we studied last lecture contain some additional memory – Cache memory. We take a quick look at CPUs’ L1, L2, and L3 Caches and also how some Solid State and Hard Drives use similar Memory Caches.  \nWe end by taking a look at how Read-Only Memory (ROM) can be used in the startup sequences of computers and how it provides Firmware instructions for various consumer devices.  \nHexadecimal Numbers  \nHexadecimal Numbers are often used in Computer Science to represent binary numbers.  \n- Hexadecimal is based on 16, whereas as we’ve previously seen Binary is based on 2 and Decimal is based on 10.  \n- As we don’t actually have 16 digits to use for Hexadecimal, we use the regular Decimal digits 0-9 and then add the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F.  \n- I’ve put out a separate handout specifically discussing the user of Hexadecimal Numbers. Read it for more information on how they work and why Computer Scientists like using them.  \n- In this document, I’ll be using Hexadecimal to represent memory addresses. The fact that these numbers are preceded by a 0x indicates that they are Hexadecimal.  \nMemory Addresses  \n- Computer Main Memory consists of sequential numbered bytes.  \n- The numbers for each byte is called an Address. Internally addresses are represented in binary, of course, which is why computer memory is always purchased and installed in powers of 2.  \n- You’ll often see abstract diagrams of computer memory drawn something like this.  \no What we’re seeing is the sequence of bytes in the computer.  \no The first byte has the address 0x00000000, the second byte has the address 0x00000001, and so on.  \no The ellipsis in the middle of the block indicates that there are a lot of bytes, and after that sequence of many, many bytes, we reach a set of bytes somewhere in the middle of memory that we are interested in or where something is being stored.  \n􀂃 In this particular case, that memory location we are interested in is located at 0x030FA024 . I’ve chosen to show that that memory location is followed by 0x030FA025 and 0x30FA026, although these may or may not be shown on atypical memory diagram, and they would likely not be given addresses, since the assumption would be that the viewer would understand that they followed sequentially after 0x030FA024 .  \no Note that the addresses here consist of 8 hexadecimal digits, which correspond to 32-bits. So this computer is using an address size of 32-bits.  \nRandom Access Memory (RAM)  \nMost of Main Memory consists of RAM, which is short for Random Access Memory.  \n- The term Random Access Memory refers to the fact that we can immediately access any element in RAM memory by passing in its memory address.  \no That’s in contrast with a device such as a magnetic tape, where even if we know the location of a particular byte, we have to roll through the entire tape to get to that byte. This type of access is referred to as Sequential Access.  \n- However, the “random-access” capability of RAM isn’t really what distinguishes it from other types of memory. You can think of this as a vestige of older t","cbCaisZbx4kFfGaB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisZbx4kFfGaB","pdf",1028349,"English","# Hexadecimal Numbers\n# Memory Addresses\n# Random Access Memory (RAM)\n# Other Items in Main Memory Space\n# Cache Memory\n# Read-Only Memory (ROM)","[{\"question\":\"How are memory addresses represented in this lecture?\",\"answer\":\"Memory is organized as sequential numbered bytes, and addresses are represented using hexadecimal notation with a 0x prefix. Internally, addresses are represented in binary, and the lecture example uses 8 hex digits corresponding to 32-bits.\"},{\"question\":\"What is RAM and how does it differ from sequential access devices?\",\"answer\":\"RAM is Random Access Memory, meaning any element can be accessed immediately by using its memory address. The lecture contrasts this with sequential access (e.g., magnetic tape), where reaching a byte requires moving through preceding data.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the call stack and heap relate to program memory usage?\",\"answer\":\"The call stack stores parameters and local variables when functions are called. The heap stores objects, and improper heap use can lead to memory leaks; some languages mitigate this with garbage collectors.\"}]","Lecture 6 - Computer Hardware, Memory | PDF",23]