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Using an autobiographical narrative approach, it draws on the author’s memoir of events, tutorial materials, video-recorded lessons, and reflective research journals. Findings discuss washback on mainstream education, weak regulation of tutor quality and advertisements, and how shadow education can deepen inequality, including responses by tutorial companies and nonprofit organizations.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/learning-teaching-and-researching-in-shadow-education-in-hong-kong-an-autobiographical-narrative-inquiry/600994/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/learning-teaching-and-researching-in-shadow-education-in-hong-kong-an-autobiographical-narrative-inquiry/600994.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"mieayamfan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the purpose of the article?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The article aims to explain, from the author’s insider perspective, lived experiences of private tutoring in Hong Kong across multiple roles and to draw implications regarding issues raised by shadow education.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What research approach and data sources are used?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It uses an autobiographical narrative approach, with data collected from the author’s memoir, tutoring materials used in practice, video-recorded lessons, and reflective journals from research projects.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What issues related to shadow education are discussed in the findings?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The findings address positive and negative washback on mainstream education, the lack of strict regulation of tutor quality and advertisements, and how shadow education may exacerbate education inequality, including efforts by tutorial companies and nonprofit organizations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},600994,1792172147,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},962090893677,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Learning, Teaching, and Researching in Shadow Education in Hong Kong: An Autobiographical Narrative Inquiry  \nKevin Wai-Ho Yung  \nThe Education University of Hong Kong, China  \nECNU Review of Education 2019, Vol. 2(1) 64–76 ª The Author(s) 2019 Article reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/2096531119840871](DOI: 10.1177/2096531119840871)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/2096531119840871)[journals.sagepub.com/home/roe](journals.sagepub.com/home/roe)  \nAbstract  \nPurpose: This article aims to illustrate from the author’s insider perspective the lived experiences of engaging in private tutoring in Hong Kong as a tutee, a tutor, and a researcher and draw implications on several issues arising from the prevalence of shadow education.  \nDesign/Approach/Methods: This article adopted an autobiographical narrative approach. Data were collected through the author’s memoir of events, stimulated by the tutorial materials he used when he was a tutee and a tutor, his own video-recorded lessons of tutoring, and reflective journals from his research projects.  \nFindings: Various issues are discussed based on the narrative of the author playing different roles in the tutoring industry, including (1) the positive and negative washback on mainstream education,(2) the lack of strict regulation of the quality of tutors and advertisements, and (3) how shadow education may exacerbate education inequality and how some tutorial companies and nonprofit organizations are addressing the issue.  \nOriginality/Value: This article, to the best of the author’s knowledge, is the only one that discusses the issues of shadow education from an author’s own personal experiences as a tutee, a tutor, and a researcher. It illustrates how practices and policies of the private tutoring industry are evolving in Hong Kong from an insider perspective.  \nKeywords  \nAutobiographical narrative inquiry, Hong Kong, insider perspective, private tutoring, shadow education  \nDate received: 14 December 2018; accepted: 26 February 2019  \nCorresponding author:  \nKevin Wai-Ho Yung, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.  \nEmail: kevinyung@eduhk.hk  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons  \nAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits noncommercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ([https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage)).  \nIntroduction  \nThere has been significant growth worldwide in the scale and intensity of private supplementary tutoring, also known as shadow education (Bray, 2009; Stevenson & Baker, 1992) . Recent research in the field has shown the prevalence of private tutoring in various contexts (see Bray, 2017; Bray & Lykins, 2012), the effect of regulating private tutoring (e.g., Bray & Kwo, 2014; Choi & Choi, 2016), the corruption of teachers as tutors (e.g., Kobakhidze, 2018), how private tutoring exacerbates social inequality (e.g., Dawson, 2010), its impact on parents’ and students’ lives (e.g., Cayubit et al., 2014; Sriprakash, Proctor, & Hu, 2016), and its washback on mainstream education (e.g., Kwo & Bray, 2014; Wang & Bray, 2016) . To illuminate the shadow education phenomenon and students’ learning trajectories in depth, some studies have used narratives to capture students’ experiences in private tutoring contexts (e.g., Yung, 2019) . Narrative inquiry is the study of lived experience as story and a method through which people create meaning in their lives (Clandinin & Connelly, 2000), and autobiography i","cbCaiq32A4FjOlGf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiq32A4FjOlGf","pdf",214148,13,"English","# Abstract\n## Purpose\n## Design/Approach/Methods\n## Findings\n## Originality/Value\n# Introduction\n## Shadow education and narrative inquiry\n## Shadow education in Hong Kong\n### Private supplementary tutoring (bou2 zaap6)\n### Scale and intensity of tutoring\n### Subjects in greatest demand","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the article?\",\"answer\":\"The article aims to explain, from the author’s insider perspective, lived experiences of private tutoring in Hong Kong across multiple roles and to draw implications regarding issues raised by shadow education.\"},{\"question\":\"What research approach and data sources are used?\",\"answer\":\"It uses an autobiographical narrative approach, with data collected from the author’s memoir, tutoring materials used in practice, video-recorded lessons, and reflective journals from research projects.\"},{\"question\":\"What issues related to shadow education are discussed in the findings?\",\"answer\":\"The findings address positive and negative washback on mainstream education, the lack of strict regulation of tutor quality and advertisements, and how shadow education may exacerbate education inequality, including efforts by tutorial companies and nonprofit organizations.\"}]","Learning, Teaching, and Researching in Shadow Education in Hong Kong - An Autobiographical Narrative Inquiry | PDF",1792091766,33]