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Conducted in 2018 in Mardin with students from different secondary schools, it used a survey design with simple random sampling. An item pool was created from essays written by 10th-grade students, yielding a 66-item 5-point Likert-type draft revised through expert feedback. SPSS and AMOS analyses produced a 21-item, 5-factor structure explaining 52.630% of variance with acceptable fit indices and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha 0.655–0.864).",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/learning-how-to-learn-scale-a-study-of-validity-and-reliability/602816/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/learning-how-to-learn-scale-a-study-of-validity-and-reliability/602816.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dabgoudw","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main goal of the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study develops a scale that is valid and reliable for investigating secondary school students’ learning how to learn processes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were the scale items created and refined?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"An item pool began with essays from 10th-grade students, produced a 66-item 5-point Likert-type draft, and was revised based on expert views.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What analytical methods were used to test the scale?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS, including item-total correlation, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602816,1792230995,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747860484,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Learning How to Learn Scale: A Study of Validity and Reliability  \nMürşet ÇAKMAK1  \nMardin Artuklu University  \nFaysal ÖZDAŞ2  \nMardin Artuklu University  \nMehmet Ali AKIN3  \nMardin Artuklu University  \nAbstract  \nThe aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable scale that can be used in investigating learning process of secondary school students. The study was carried out with students attending to different secondary schools in Mardin in 2018. Survey method was employed, and sampling was chosen with the help of simple random sampling method in this study. In order to create an item pool, 26 students having education in the 10th grade were asked to write an essay about the concept and process of learning how to learn. Then the literature was searched, and a 5-point likert-type 66-item draft scale was formed out of the data obtained from this essay. The draft scale was revised in accordance with the expert views. The data achieved after the application of the scale were analysed using SPSS and AMOS programs. In the analysis, item total correlation, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis techniques were benefited. According to analyses performed, it was seen that the scale was of 21 items and had a structure of 5 factors, and the variant ratio that it explained was 52.630% and that also fit index values were acceptable, and they were at an excellent harmony level. It was observed that there was a positive direction and medium level relation Among all factors. Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale changes between 0.655 and 0.864. As a result, it is comprehended that Learning How to Learn Scale prepared as 5 Likert type can be employed as a valid and reliable measuring tool for students attending secondary school according to findings obtained.  \nKeywords: Learning How To Learn, Secondary Education, Scale, Validity And Reliability  \nDOI: 10.29329/epasr.2020.270.21  \n1Mardin Artuklu University, Literature Faculty, Department of Educational Sciences, ORCID: 0000-0001-9472-8200  \n[Correspondence](Correspondence: mursetcakmak@artuklu.edu.tr)[: mursetcakmak@artuklu.edu.tr](Correspondence: mursetcakmak@artuklu.edu.tr)  \n2Mardin Artuklu University, Literature Faculty, Department of Educational Sciences, ORCID: 0000-0002-2261-9504, Email: [faysalozdas@hotmail.com](faysalozdas@hotmail.com)  \n3Mardin Artuklu University, Literature Faculty, Department of Educational Sciences, ORCID: 0000-0002-9387-0149, Email: [akina7215@hotmail.com](akina7215@hotmail.com)  \nIntroduction  \nLearning how to learn necessitates to know learning strategies an individual has and to be aware of strengths and weaknesses and to investigate appropriate education, guidance or opportunities (MEB, 2019) . Competence of learning how to learn is the ability to continue learning and organize their own learning, including effective management of time and information, individually and in groups. These abilities consist of awareness of learning process and needs and determining available opportunities and overcoming the obstacles of a successful learning. In learning how to learn approach, students’ previous learning and experiences are also important so that they will be able to achieve knowledge and skills (Education Council, 2006) . Learning how to learn is expressed to be an experiential process based on interrogation (Priestly & Humes, 2010) and to be able to produce the necessary knowledge fpr new situations using available information (Özden, 2013: 77) and to provide the achievement of effective learning qualities (Özer, 2003) . In addition, when learning how to learn approach is effective when it contains emotional and social aspects such as autonomy, self confidence, relations depending on corporation among the participants of process and participation of families and community (Moreno & Martin, 2007) .  \nLearning how to learn is very important for motivation, confidence and competence of the i","cbCaibQ6iDKetik3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibQ6iDKetik3","pdf",281826,18,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Learning how to learn and its components\n## Importance for motivation and continued learning\n## Relevance in an information society","[{\"question\":\"What is the main goal of the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study develops a scale that is valid and reliable for investigating secondary school students’ learning how to learn processes.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the scale items created and refined?\",\"answer\":\"An item pool began with essays from 10th-grade students, produced a 66-item 5-point Likert-type draft, and was revised based on expert views.\"},{\"question\":\"What analytical methods were used to test the scale?\",\"answer\":\"The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS, including item-total correlation, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis.\"}]","Learning How to Learn Scale - A Study of Validity and Reliability | PDF",1792095284,45]