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The work examines leadership in urban districts, urges leaders of learning, and offers recommendations for guiding schools through complex, shifting priorities in a democracy-focused educational mission.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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pressures do urban public schools face in the current reform wave?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"Reforms demand that schools educate all children, meet academic standards, and prove learning mainly through high-stakes standardized tests while states and municipalities also face fiscal crises.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"What major challenges worsen fiscal problems in urban districts?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"Challenges include dysfunctional bureaucracies, shortages of resources, student diversity, high mobility, family disconnection, poverty, persistent achievement gaps, and adults with low expectations for certain children.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What leadership approach does the article recommend for urban districts?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Urban school leaders should think critically and act courageously, becoming leaders of learning who use past lessons, current research, and their own experience to guide success for all 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America’sfirst public school. From this small beginning in1635, avast movement grew and resulted in public education for allthe nation’s children. Theeducationoftheyoung,at publicexpense,was important intheformation ofthe United States asa republic. The early leaders ofthis fledgling nationwantedtoensurethatcitizenswouldbepreparedtomakeinformed decisionsaboutitsgovernance.  \nToday, the United States finds itself in the middle of a new political battle over the education of children. The current wave of reform places unprecedented pressure on public schools to educate all children, meet a specific set of academic standards, and produce evidence of learning using high-stakes standardized tests as the only assessment tool. This pressure (Blankstein and Noguera 2004) occurs in the midst of serious fiscal crises in states and municipalities—particularly in urban districts that enroll a large percentage of U.S. children.  \nUrban districts’ fiscal problems (Snipes, Doolittle, and Herlihy 2002) are exacerbated by other challenges, such as complex and dysfunctional bureaucracies, lack of material and human resources, diversity in the student population, high student mobility, disconnection from families, high levels of poverty, persistent achievement gaps, and large numbers of adults who hold low expectations for certain groups of children. Urban district schools are being attacked on other fronts as well, including calls for vouchers, charters, and privatization.  \nUrban school leaders must think critically and act courageously to ensure that the children they serve have access to public education at its best. According to areport prepared for the Council of the Great City Schools (Snipes, Doolittle, and  \n192  \nEssays  \nHerlihy 2002), there were 16,850 public school districts in the United States, of which 100 served 23 percent of all students. Many were in urban areas and served 40 percent of the country’s minority students and 30 percent of its economically disadvantaged students.  \nThis article examines the issue of leadership in urban school districts, calls on leaders in urban districts to be leaders of learning, and makes recommendations for leading in an increasingly complex world.  \nThe Commitment of a Fledgling Nation  \nThe purpose of public schooling in this nation—a nation founded on principles of freedom, justice, and measures of happiness for all—is to educate the citizenry in understanding and abiding by these principles. They are not embedded in our consciousness at birth. Goodlad (2004) reminded us that the purpose of public schools is to support a great nation, grounded in an experiment called democracy. Barber (2004, 11) affirmed the contribution of public schools to the health of a democracy:  \nTo take the public out of public schoolsisto take the common out of the commonwealth. It isto undermine the function of what Alexis de Tocqueville sagely called the arduous ‘apprenticeship of liberty.’ It isto forget that liberty must be learned, that while weare, to be sure,‘born free’weare also born private individuals whose God-given rights are abstractions until realized through engaged and competent citizenship. Stated simply: born free in theory, but free in reality when we become citizens. Weare not born citizens but acquire the rights and responsibilities that comprise citizenship only through Tocqueville’s long and arduous apprenticeship for which public education isthe chief instrument.  \nPublic education is rooted in a long tradition. At several important points in history (Kauchak, Eggen, and Carter 2001), through federal court decrees and Congressional acts, America has recommitted itself to public education due to its importance in individual success and national progress. The Goals 2000 Act of 1994 introduced the idea of curriculum standards as a key element of the reform movement. The Improving A","cbCaishbpUzJzWF8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaishbpUzJzWF8","pdf",104918,11,"English","# Leadership for Urban Public Schools\n## The Commitment of a Fledgling Nation\n## Urban Schools and Districts: Daunting Challenges","[{\"question\":\"What pressures do urban public schools face in the current reform wave?\",\"answer\":\"Reforms demand that schools educate all children, meet academic standards, and prove learning mainly through high-stakes standardized tests while states and municipalities also face fiscal crises.\"},{\"question\":\"What major challenges worsen fiscal problems in urban districts?\",\"answer\":\"Challenges include dysfunctional bureaucracies, shortages of resources, student diversity, high mobility, family disconnection, poverty, persistent achievement gaps, and adults with low expectations for certain children.\"},{\"question\":\"What leadership approach does the article recommend for urban districts?\",\"answer\":\"Urban school leaders should think critically and act courageously, becoming leaders of learning who use past lessons, current research, and their own experience to guide success for all children.\"}]","Leadership for Urban Public Schools - Janice Jackson - Recommendations for Urban School District Leaders | PDF",1792095954,28]