[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-318975-105":59,"doc-detail-318975-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","lead-ias-daily-bulletin-july-28","Lead IAS Daily Bulletin - July 28","","Daily bulletin dated July 28, 2026 covering multiple current-affairs topics. It explains the Dark Web and related technologies such as Tor, onion routing, and the distinction among surface web, deep web, and dark web. It outlines India’s anti-defection law provisions on political party mergers under the Tenth Schedule, including conditions, grounds, exceptions, and the speaker’s authority with judicial review. It also discusses the Abraham Accords, potential Saudi involvement, and UNESCO’s inscription of Sarnath as a World Heritage Site.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/lead-ias-daily-bulletin-july-28/318975/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/lead-ias-daily-bulletin-july-28/318975.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Asher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-20",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What distinguishes the dark web from the surface web and deep web?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The surface web is publicly accessible and indexed, while the deep web is largely legal but not indexed. The dark web is a hidden subset of the deep web that requires special software like Tor and offers a high degree of anonymity.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Under India’s anti-defection law, when is a merger protected from disqualification?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"If at least two-thirds of legislators agree to a merger with another party, they are protected from disqualification. A valid merger requires a prior party-level merger and support of at least two-thirds of legislators.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What does UNESCO’s inscription of Sarnath recognize?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"It recognizes Sarnath as India’s 45th UNESCO World Heritage Site, highlighting its cultural and historical importance through specific components such as Chaukhandi Stupa and multiple archaeological remains, including Dhamekh Stupa and the Ashokan Pillar.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},318975,1790503235,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":105,"preview_page_count":4},687197207639,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","July 28 2026  \nDark web  \nBank of Baroda initiated a forensic investigation after reports of its sensitive data being leaked on the Dark Web.  \no The Dark Web is a part of the internet that is intentionally hidden and cannot be accessed through standard web browsers (such as Chrome, Edge, or Safari) . It requires special software like Tor (The Onion Router) for access.  \no Layers of the Internet:  \no Surface Web: The publicly accessible and search engine-indexed part of the internet, comprising about 4–10% of the web.  \no Deep Web: The non-indexed but largely legal part of the internet, including email accounts, online banking, medical records, and subscription databases, making up about 90–96% of the web.  \no Dark Web: A hidden subset of the Deep Web that requires special software (e.g., Tor) to access and provides a high degree of anonymity.  \no Tor (The Onion Router): Tor is a free, open-source software that enables anonymous communication by routing traffic through multiple encrypted relay nodes. It hides the user's IP address and server location, and uses .onion websites.  \no Onion Routing: Onion routing encrypts data in multiple layers and routes it through several relay nodes. Each relay decrypts only one layer, so no single node knows both the sender and the destination.  \nMerger of political parties  \nThe Supreme Court has sought the Centre's response on a petition challenging the interpretation of the \"merger\"exception under the anti-defection law.  \no Merger of political parties under India’s Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution allows an exception to anti-defection disqualification if at least two-thirds of a legislature party agrees to merge with another party.  \no The Anti-Defection Law, under the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, prevents elected representatives from switching parties for personal or political gain.  \no Introduced: Introduced by the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985 and strengthened by the 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003, it removed the“split” provision and retained only “merger.”  \no Ground of Disqualification:  \no Voluntarily giving up membership: Includes formal resignation or conduct indicating departure (as interpreted by the Supreme Court of India) .  \no Defying party whip: Voting/abstaining against party directions without permission.  \no Independent members: Joining a party after election.  \no Nominated members: Joining a party after six months in the House.  \no Exceptions (Merger Clause): If at least two-thirds (66.67%) of legislators agree to a merger, they are protected from disqualification.  \no Twin Test: A valid merger requires a prior partylevel merger and support of at least two-thirds of legislators; legislators alone cannot initiate it.  \no Special Case: Speakers/Chairpersons can resign from their party to remain neutral and rejoin later without disqualification.  \no Deciding Authority: The Speaker/Chairman (Presiding Officer) has the sole authority to decide defection cases.  \no Judicial Review: The Speaker’s decision is subject to judicial review by the High Courts and Supreme Court (Kihoto Hollohan, 1992) once the final order is passed.  \nAbraham Accords  \nSaudi Arabia's proposed civil nuclear deal with the United States has revived attention on its potential participation in the Abraham Accords.  \no The Abraham Accords are a series of U.S.-brokered agreements signed in 2020 to normalize the relations between Israel and several Arab states, beginning with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Bahrain, later joined by Morocco and Sudan.  \nJuly 28 2026  \no The Accords were named in reference to the supposed common ancestor of the Jews and the Arabs, the biblical Abraham, and as an expression of shared heritage.  \no Objective: To normalize diplomatic, economic, and security relations between Israel and Arab states to promote regional peace and cooperation.  \no Saudi Arabia: not a signatory but seen as key influencer.  \no I2U2: It is a minilateral initia","cbCaibioovLkoj7o","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibioovLkoj7o","pdf",2398944,"English","# Dark web\n## Layers of the Internet\n## Tor and onion routing\n# Merger of political parties\n## Anti-defection law basics\n## Twin test and exceptions\n## Deciding authority and judicial review\n# Abraham Accords\n## Purpose and background\n## Saudi Arabia and I2U2\n# Sarnath\n## Location and ancient names\n## UNESCO World Heritage details","[{\"question\":\"What distinguishes the dark web from the surface web and deep web?\",\"answer\":\"The surface web is publicly accessible and indexed, while the deep web is largely legal but not indexed. The dark web is a hidden subset of the deep web that requires special software like Tor and offers a high degree of anonymity.\"},{\"question\":\"Under India’s anti-defection law, when is a merger protected from disqualification?\",\"answer\":\"If at least two-thirds of legislators agree to a merger with another party, they are protected from disqualification. A valid merger requires a prior party-level merger and support of at least two-thirds of legislators.\"},{\"question\":\"What does UNESCO’s inscription of Sarnath recognize?\",\"answer\":\"It recognizes Sarnath as India’s 45th UNESCO World Heritage Site, highlighting its cultural and historical importance through specific components such as Chaukhandi Stupa and multiple archaeological remains, including Dhamekh Stupa and the Ashokan Pillar.\"}]","Lead IAS Daily Bulletin - July 28 | PDF",1789941588]