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It also explains the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS), including pilot implementation stretches and the border forces involved. Further sections summarize Ethiopia’s top civilian honour for Narendra Modi, key geography facts, the PESA Act, 1996 for tribal self-governance, and research on adaptive evolution in urban birds after pandemic lockdowns.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/lead-ias-daily-bulletin-17-december-2025/318919/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/lead-ias-daily-bulletin-17-december-2025/318919.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ezra","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-20",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are the main types of gallantry awards mentioned in the bulletin?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The bulletin divides them into gallantry in the face of the enemy (Param Vir Chakra, Mahavir Chakra, Vir Chakra) and gallantry other than in the face of the enemy (Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Shaurya Chakra).","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How and where was the CIBMS pilot phase implemented?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Pilot projects were undertaken on International Border stretches in Jammu along the Indo-Pakistan border and in Assam along the Indo-Bangladesh border, using smart border technology for detection and prevention.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the purpose of the PESA Act, 1996 as described here?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It extends Panchayati Raj institutions to Scheduled Areas (Fifth Schedule) to empower tribal communities with self-governance, including consent-based decision making through the Gram Sabha and alignment with State laws.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},318919,1791308909,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1099514068035,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","17 December 2025  \nGallantry Awards in India  \nRashtrapati Bhavan has unveiled a dedicated gallery displaying the portraits of all 21 Param Vir Chakra awardees.  \no Gallantry Awards are honours conferred on personnel for displaying raw courage, unparalleled bravery and total disregard to personal safety in the line of duty.  \no These gallantry awards are announced twice in a year, first on the occasion of the Republic Day and then on the occasion of the Independence Day.  \no Awards are presented by the President during Ceremonial functions at Rashtrapati Bhavan.  \no Types:  \no Gallantry in the Face of Enemy: Param Vir Chakra (PVC) Mahavir Chakra (MVC) and Vir Chakra.  \no Gallantry Other than in the Face of Enemy: Ashok Chakra Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra.  \no  \n| Award | Awarded For | Eligibility |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Param Vir\u003Cbr>Chakra | For most\u003Cbr>bravery or self\u003Cbr>sacrifice. | Military\u003Cbr>personnel only |\n| Maha Vir\u003Cbr>Chakra | Act of\u003Cbr>exceptional\u003Cbr>gallantry in the\u003Cbr>presence of\u003Cbr>enemy | Military\u003Cbr>Personnel only |\n| Vir Chakra | Gallantry in\u003Cbr>presence of\u003Cbr>enemy. | Military\u003Cbr>Personnel only |\n| Ashoka Chakra | For most\u003Cbr>conspicuous\u003Cbr>Bravery | Military and\u003Cbr>Civilians |\n\n\n| Kirti Chakra | For\u003Cbr>Conspicuous\u003Cbr>Gallantry | Military and\u003Cbr>Civilians |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Shaurya Chakra | For Gallantry | Military and\u003Cbr>Civilians |\n\nComprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS)  \nThe Union Ministry of Home Affairs revealed that 878 infiltrators were caught along the Indo-Myanmar border over the past two years.  \no Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System is a technology-based smart border system that uses integrated sensors, surveillance devices, and command-and-control networks to detect and prevent infiltration along difficult border areas.  \no Implementation (Pilot Phase):  \no Pilot projects have been undertaken on International Border (IB) stretches in Jammu (Indo-Pakistan border) and in Assam along the Indo-Bangladesh border.  \no Implemented by: Border Security Force (BSF) under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) .  \no Border Management Forces:  \no Border Security Force (BSF): India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh borders  \no Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP): India-China (LAC) border in Himalayas  \no Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB): India-Nepal and IndiaBhutan borders  \no Assam Rifles (AR): Myanmar border and counterinsurgency in Northeast  \no Indian Coast Guard (ICG): India’s maritime/coastal borders.  \nEthiopia  \nPrime Minister Narendra Modi was conferred Ethiopia’s highest civilian honour, the ‘Great Honour Nishan of Ethiopia’.  \no Ethiopia is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa, officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.  \no Neighbouring Countries: Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan and Sudan.  \no Capital: Addis Ababa, which also hosts the headquarters of the African Union (AU) and the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) .  \no Geographical Features:  \no Topography:  \no Great Rift Valley: Part of the East African Rift System, running north–south through the country, marked by tectonic activity, volcanoes and lakes (Tana, Abaya,Chamo)  \n17 December 2025  \no Lowlands and Desert Areas: Danakil Depression: one of the hottest places on Earth, below sea level. Arid/semi-arid regions in the east and southeast.  \no Major Rivers: Origin of the Blue Nile (Abay  \no Horn of Africa: It is the easternmost extension of African land.  \no Countries: Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Eritrea.  \no The name “Horn of Africa” comes from the peninsula’s prominent outward curve, which extends into the surrounding waters in a horn-like formation.  \nPESA Act, 1996  \nAn editorial highlights that ineffective implementation of the PESA Act has hindered tribal self-governance and representation in Scheduled Areas, undermining democratic empowerment and contributing to governance challenges.  \no Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 was enact","cbCaibVa48XM8ZCZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibVa48XM8ZCZ","pdf",3977817,"English","# Gallantry Awards in India\n## Types and Award Criteria\n# Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS)\n## Pilot Phase and Border Management Forces\n# Ethiopia\n## Honour and Key Country Facts\n# PESA Act, 1996\n## Panchayats Extension and Salient Features\n# Adaptive Evolution","[{\"question\":\"What are the main types of gallantry awards mentioned in the bulletin?\",\"answer\":\"The bulletin divides them into gallantry in the face of the enemy (Param Vir Chakra, Mahavir Chakra, Vir Chakra) and gallantry other than in the face of the enemy (Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Shaurya Chakra).\"},{\"question\":\"How and where was the CIBMS pilot phase implemented?\",\"answer\":\"Pilot projects were undertaken on International Border stretches in Jammu along the Indo-Pakistan border and in Assam along the Indo-Bangladesh border, using smart border technology for detection and prevention.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the PESA Act, 1996 as described here?\",\"answer\":\"It extends Panchayati Raj institutions to Scheduled Areas (Fifth Schedule) to empower tribal communities with self-governance, including consent-based decision making through the Gram Sabha and alignment with State laws.\"}]","Lead IAS Daily Bulletin - 17 December 2025 | PDF",1789941492,15]