[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-84004-en":3,"doc-seo-84004-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},84004,7971461740909,"Levi","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","Layer 2 Coordinated Trusted Setup for Continuous CRS Generation","Zero-knowledge proof systems depend on a trusted setup to produce a Common Reference String (CRS), yet common ceremonies are typically static one-time events that are hard to adapt and may face long-term compromise. This paper introduces an L2-coordinated framework that decouples transaction pipelines from multi-round ceremony execution. It delivers automated continuous CRS generation without centralized coordination, using two protocol variants with PBFT-coordinated ZK-rollups and commit-reveal structures, and evaluates liveness and reliability under adversarial wide-area conditions.","Layer 2 Coordinated Trusted Setup for Continuous  \nCRS Generation  \nKhalid Hassan 1 , Sara Rouhani 1 ,2  \n1Department of Computer Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada  \n2Department of Software and IT Engineering, ´Ecole de technologie suprieure (´ETS), Montral, QC, Canada [hassank2@myumanitoba.ca](hassank2@myumanitoba.ca) , [sara.rouhani@umanitoba.ca](sara.rouhani@umanitoba.ca) , [sara.rouhani@etsmtl.ca](sara.rouhani@etsmtl.ca)  \narXiv :2607 .05776v 1 [ cs .DC] 7 Jul 2026  \nAbstract—Zero-knowledge proof systems rely on a trusted setup phase to generate a Common Reference String (CRS), yet existing approaches are typically static, one-time ceremonies that are inflexible and vulnerable to long-term compromise. Offloading continuous, recurring trusted setups to a decentralized Layer 2 (L2) network introduces a fundamental coordination challenge arising from the mismatch between high-throughput transaction processing and the multi-round requirements of trusted setup ceremonies. This paper presents an L2-coordinated framework that safely decouples transaction pipelines from ceremony execution to achieve automated, continuous CRS generation without centralized coordination. We design and implement two protocol variants over a decentralized, PBFT-coordinated ZK-rollup architecture: an on-chain smart contract approach and an asynchronous peer-to-peer consensus variant. Both designs utilize non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge alongside commit-reveal structures to eliminate adaptive manipulation vectors and isolate ceremony latency. Experimental evaluations under simulated wide-area network constraints and adversarial conditions demonstrate that our architecture successfully isolates ceremony liveness. Continuous setups complete reliably within practical time bounds despite node dropouts or malicious contributions, while preserving stable L2 transaction throughput.  \nIndex Terms—Blockchain, Layer 2, Rollups, Zero-knowledge, Common Reference String  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nBlockchain networks have long grappled with the structural trade-offs between scalability, security, and decentralization—commonly referred to as the Blockchain Trilemma [1] . While decentralization eliminates single points of failure, throughput constraints on Layer 1 (L1) networks remain a persistent challenge, with Ethereum processing roughly 15 transactions per second (TPS) and Bitcoin averaging around 7 TPS, compared to conventional financial infrastructures such as Visa [2], [3] . To address these limitations, Layer 2 (L2) rollups have emerged as a promising scaling solution by executing transactions off-chain, batching them, and anchoring state updates to L1 for security and finality [4], [5] . Beyond scalability, recent studies have highlighted the growing role of L2 infrastructures in supporting broader blockchain ecosystem functionality, including interoperability and cross-network coordination [6] .  \nRollups generally fall into two categories: optimistic rollups, which rely on fraud proofs, and zero-knowledge (ZK) rollups, which use cryptographic proofs to validate state transitions. However, despite the broader decentralization goals of  \nblockchain systems, most existing rollup architectures continue to rely on centralized sequencers, reintroducing a single point of control and failure [7] .  \nConcurrently, zero-knowledge (ZK) systems rely on a Common Reference String (CRS) for proof generation and verification. To minimize trust assumptions, the CRS is typically generated collaboratively through multi-party computation (MPC) protocols such as Powers of Tau (PoT) [8] . Although these trusted setup ceremonies are designed to produce a secure CRS as long as at least one participant behaves honestly, practical deployments often require the CRS to be regenerated over time. Such regeneration may be necessary when circuits evolve, participants join or leave the system, governance policies change, or long-term trust assumptions need to","cbCaifXPKyuT423a","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifXPKyuT423a","pdf",338825,4,1,9,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Blockchain Scalability Trade-offs\n## Rollups and Sequencer Centralization\n## CRS Trusted Setup and Regeneration Need\n## Core Challenge and Proposed L2 Coordination Framework\n# Protocol Design Approach","[{\"question\":\"Why do existing CRS trusted setup ceremonies struggle with long-term requirements?\",\"answer\":\"They are usually designed as one-time ceremonies with fixed participant sets, making repeated regeneration costly and difficult when circuits, participants, or governance policies change.\"},{\"question\":\"What coordination challenge arises when moving continuous trusted setups to a decentralized Layer 2 network?\",\"answer\":\"Layer 2 systems prioritize high-throughput, low-latency transactions, while trusted setup ceremonies require multi-round participant synchronization and computationally intensive cryptographic steps.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed framework avoid centralized coordination while keeping transaction performance stable?\",\"answer\":\"It uses an L2-coordinated design that separates ceremony execution from the transaction pipeline, implementing two protocol variants over a decentralized PBFT-coordinated ZK-rollup architecture with commit-reveal structures to reduce manipulation vectors.\"}]",1784191963,23,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"layer-2-coordinated-trusted-setup-for-continuous-crs-generation","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/layer-2-coordinated-trusted-setup-for-continuous-crs-generation/84004/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-26","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why do existing CRS trusted setup ceremonies struggle with long-term requirements?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"They are usually designed as one-time ceremonies with fixed participant sets, making repeated regeneration costly and difficult when circuits, participants, or governance policies change.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What coordination challenge arises when moving continuous trusted setups to a decentralized Layer 2 network?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Layer 2 systems prioritize high-throughput, low-latency transactions, while trusted setup ceremonies require multi-round participant synchronization and computationally intensive cryptographic steps.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does the proposed framework avoid centralized coordination while keeping transaction performance stable?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"It uses an L2-coordinated design that separates ceremony execution from the transaction pipeline, implementing two protocol 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